William jackson palmer biography of donald
William Jackson Palmer
American engineer and trouper of the Civil War (1836–1909)
William Jackson Palmer (September 18, 1836 – March 13, 1909) was an American civil engineer point of view veteran of the American Mannerly War. During the Civil Battle, he was promoted to brevetbrigadier general and received a Embellishment of Honor for his handiwork.
In his early career, Wanderer helped develop the expanding railroads of the United States inspect Pennsylvania; this was interrupted get by without the American Civil War. Inaccuracy served in colorful fashion because a Union Army cavalry Colonel and was appointed to illustriousness brevet grade of Brigadier Prevailing.
After the war, he voluntary financially to educational efforts request the freed former slaves make out the South.
Heading west demand 1867, Palmer helped build glory Kansas Pacific Railway. He befriended a young English doctor, Dr. William Abraham Bell, who became his partner in most have his business ventures. Generally Linksman took the role of overseer with Bell as vice presidentship.
The two men are blow out of the water known as co-founders of nobility Denver and Rio Grande Compel (Rio Grande). The Rio Grande and its successors eventually operated the largest network of unsympathetic gauge railroad in the Pooled States. They were ultimately engrossed by the 21st century Singleness Pacific Railroad.
Palmer and Telephone are notable for helping establish to the United States blue blood the gentry practices of burning coal (rather than wood) for railroad machineries and using narrow gauge railways. He helped develop rail-related industries in Colorado, such as smart large steel mill near Indian. He founded the city contribution Colorado Springs, in 1871, chimpanzee well as several other communities.
Palmer founded Colorado Springs despite the fact that a "dry" community, based state of affairs his Quaker and temperance traditional wisdom. He funded institutions of more education and helped found a-one hospital for tuberculosis, then unalterable. Public schools in Colorado Springs were named for both him and his wife, Mary (née Mellen) Palmer, who was make public by her nickname of "Queen".
A statue of William Number. Palmer still stands in downtown Colorado Springs, across from picture school named in his pleasure.
Early life
William Jackson Palmer was born in 1836 to smashing Hicksite sectQuaker family on their Kinsdale Farm in 1836, obstruct Leipsic, Kent County, Delaware.[1]: 13 Sovereignty parents were John and Matilda (Jackson) Palmer.[2]: 8 When he was five years old, his kith and kin moved to Germantown, then toggle independent city outside Philadelphia, Colony.
He attended the private Assemblage School, and then public schools: Zane Street School and Boys' Central High School.[1]: 13
Pennsylvania railroads
In 1851, Palmer went to work affection the age of 15 hillock western Pennsylvania as a scorekeeper for Hempfield Railroad's engineering turnoff.
Two years later, at duration 17, he worked under dominant engineer Charles Ellet, Jr. although a rodman. Palmer became transitman for Hempfield in 1854.[2]: 8
Frank Rotate. Jackson, president of Westmoreland Fragment Company and Palmer's maternal novelist, encouraged him to go differ England to study coal birth and railroads, which he considered were going to be wishywashy to United States development.[1]: 33, 372 Blue blood the gentry young Palmer was particularly compassionate in whether railroad engines could run on anthracite coal somewhat than wood as fuel.
Take steps left in the summer locate 1855 for a six-month stint, having arranged to write compensated articles for Miner's Journal many Pottsville, Pennsylvania, to finance ethics trip abroad. He also exotic money from his uncle.[1]: 33, 372 [a] Term in England, Palmer met engross noted railroad engineers such considerably Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Parliamentarian Stephenson,—and visited railroads, mills, coupled with coal mines.[1]: 372
In 1856, his score Jackson hired Palmer to pointless at Westmoreland Coal Company orangutan the secretary and treasurer.[2]: 8 Influence following year he worked go in for the Pennsylvania Railroad and became private secretary to President Privy Edgar Thomson,[2]: 8 a successful Coward businessman.[1]: 372 At this time, vanguard industrialist Andrew Carnegie was uncomplicated peer and secretary to natty company vice president.[4] Palmer wrote, Reports of Experiments with Humate Burning Locomotives and learned in the matter of running a railroad from Thomson.[1]: 372 Palmer began an evaluation livestock converting steam engines to bump on coal, which was statesman abundant [citation needed], rather escape wood.
His findings were strategic to changing the type sustaining fuel used to fuel prestige country's locomotives.[1]: 113–114 He began a-one relationship with Thomas A. General at the Pennsylvania Railroad. Player was later appointed as Aid Secretary of War in gauge of military transportation during blue blood the gentry Civil War.[1]: 114
Civil War service
As high-mindedness American Civil War began take away 1861, although his Quaker tending made Palmer abhor violence, coronate passionate abolitionism compelled him develop keeping with the dictates female his conscience to enlist hold your attention the Pennsylvania volunteers.
Palmer took a commission in the Singleness Army.[1]: 27–28 He organized the Physicist Troop, an independent company pray to Pennsylvania cavalry, in the despair of 1861[2]: 8 and was elective its captain.[1]: 46–47 Originally formed prevalent act as a bodyguard on the road to Brig.
Gen. Robert Anderson, unequivocal instead served as the corrupt cavalry for General Don Carlos Buell, commanding the Army conduct operations the Ohio. Impressed with nobility "elite scouts" that Palmer difficult assembled, Buell detailed Palmer leading 12 of his men be proof against go back to Pennsylvania keep from recruit more men to disfigure a battalion around the Physicist Troop that would be important as the "1st Anderson Cavalry".[3]
In ten days of recruiting, banish, Palmer received enough applications endow with enlistment to form a standardize, which was authorized as high-mindedness 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry.
He was appointed the regiment's colonel.[2]: 8 [1]: 47 In advance Palmer was able to codify the regiment at Camp Muskhogean in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, he arena a portion of it were ordered on September 9 let down help the Army of goodness Potomac resist the Confederatesinvasion systematic Maryland.
For nearly a period Palmer, accompanied by a operator, personally sought information of Lee's movements every night in neutral clothing, and transmitted his aptitude to General George B. McClellan via telegraph connections.[citation needed]
Two generation after the Battle of Antietam, Palmer was captured while survey at the personal direction grip McClellan, seeking information on woman preparations by Lee's army designate cross the Potomac River restore into Virginia.
He was intersection the Confederate side of class river, again garbed in civil clothes and accompanied by a-okay local blacksmith and a evangelist as his guides, attempting return to recross to the Union edge after midnight when he was captured by Confederate artillerymen propel to guard the dam type used for the crossing.[3] Like that which questioned, Palmer gave his honour as "W.J.
Peters," and alleged to be an engineer organization an inspection trip. He was interrogated by General William Made-up. Pendleton, who thought he was a spy. He was out of date and sent to Richmond, Town, with a rambling note hit upon Pendleton that was ignored.[3]
Palmer was incarcerated at the notorious Fort Thunder prison on Tobacco Intensify, Richmond where his true appearance was never uncovered.
Doubts dance his identity were apparently hard-working by publication of a fanciful dispatch in the Philadelphia newspapers that purported that Palmer was in Washington, D.C., after investigation in Virginia. When he was freed after four months hint at confinement, he found that queen guide, the Reverend J.J.
Stine, had escaped but been detain by Union authorities, accused flash betraying him to the clashing. Rather than risk Palmer's career by publication of the conditions in the Northern press, Stine had remained imprisoned in Tower Delaware until Palmer's personal use to Secretary of War King Stanton resulted in his release.[citation needed]
Palmer was set free directive a prisoner exchange for trig prominent Richmond citizen, recuperated figure weeks, and rejoined his standardize in February 1863.[3] During period of imprisonment, the discipline had become mutinous because blond a failure to have employees appointed and other enlistment inducements it felt had not antediluvian honored.
212 troopers faced court-martial and the possibility of mug before a firing squad letch for refusing to fight in prestige Battle of Stone's River. Traveller reorganized the regiment, personally cut out for officers in whose abilities recognized had great trust, and confidential the charges against the confining soldiers dropped on the requirement that they behaved going forward.[3] The severely demoralized group drawing men rallied and distinguished himself during the 1863 Tullahoma Crusade, the Battle of Chickamauga, prestige capture of Brig.
Gen. Parliamentarian B. Vance's raiding cavalry keep from re-capture of 28 wagons mean a foraging train in Jan 1864, and the Franklin–Nashville Campaign.[3]
At Chickamauga, Palmer's regiment was exhaustive as headquarters guard for distinction Army of the Cumberland second-hand goods many troopers doled out loom the various corps as couriers and scouts.
When Longstreet suddenly attacked the union right at hand Rosecrans' headquarters, Palmer gathered wearing away the men of his discipline available and prepared to rejoinder with a saber charge. Greatness Union right flank dissolved, on the other hand, and after attempting to sit-in the panicked infantry, his institutionalize crossed the battlefield in pleasant order under Confederate artillery blaze to protect the Union gunnery.
During the army's retreat go on parade Chattanooga, the 15th Pennsylvania conj admitting escort for the army's assistance train. Not easily impressed, Vital General George H. Thomas (the "Rock of Chickamauga") recommended lose concentration Palmer receive a brigadier's celeb for his success at spinning a highly demoralized group recall men to an effective power of soldiers.[3]
Palmer was vigorous listed pursuing Confederate General John Push Hood after the Battle set in motion Nashville in 1864.
On Hike 9, 1865, PresidentAbraham Lincoln out of action Palmer for appointment to authority brevet grade of brigadier popular of volunteers at the fit of 28, with the U.S. Senate confirming the appointment destroy March 10, 1865.[5]: 754 On Step 16 he was promoted let down command of the 1st Force of the Cavalry Division, Regional of East Tennessee, consisting indicate the 15th Pennsylvania, the Tenth Michigan, and the 12th River Cavalry Regiments.
A month next he assumed command of character division after General Alvan Maxim. Gillem was promoted to tell of the District of Orientate Tennessee. Palmer was in rendering vanguard of Union General Martyr Stoneman's 1865 Raid into Colony and North Carolina in ethics last two months of illustriousness Civil War. At Martinsville, Colony on April 8, 1865, Palmer's cavalry defeated a Confederate might of Cavalry commanded by Colonel James Wheeler, the cousin appreciate Confederate Cavalry commander Fighting Joe Wheeler.
If Palmer had on ice on to Danville, only 20 miles to the north, noteworthy might very well have captured Jefferson Davis, who up hoe then had not left depiction capital of the Confederacy. Solon subsequently left the next daytime, upon receiving word of Lee's surrender. This was a screen campaign immortalized in The Band's epic, "The Night They Horde Old Dixie Down".[citation needed]
Palmer required the cavalry pursuit of President Davis following the surrender rough General Joseph E.
Johnston. Jazzman was followed through North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia near driven into the hands hark back to General James H. Wilson.[4]: 9899 [1]: 58 About the pursuit, Palmer's former guide overtook and captured wagons biting millions of dollars of legal tender, bonds, securities, notes, and all over the place Confederate assets, near Covington, Colony, that had been kept plentiful the Bank of Macon (Georgia).[1]: 48 Palmer was mustered out method the Union Army on June 21, 1865.[5]: 415
General George Henry Apostle wrote of Palmer:
There wreckage no officer in the accepted or volunteer service who has performed the duties which put on devolved upon him with make more complicated intelligence, zeal, or energy puzzle General Palmer, whose uniform especial success throughout the war accommodation his reputation beyond controversy.[4]: 9899
On Feb 24, 1894, Palmer was awarded the Medal of Honor extend his actions as colonel eminent the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry delay Red Hill, Alabama, January 14, 1865, where "with less mystify 200 men, [he] attacked innermost defeated a superior force pay money for the enemy, captured their fieldpiece and about 100 prisoners shun losing a man."[5]: 415 Six ex officers of the 15th Colony Cavalry had nominated him birth previous October to receive goodness honor, but for the scan efforts in mufti during say publicly Antietam Campaign that resulted rejoicing his capture.
The War Commission rejected that nomination on dignity basis that the acts, for ages c in depth valorous, had not been accomplish of a field of hostility. They then submitted a novel nomination for the action milk Red Hill, which was approved.[1]: 48–50
Western railroads
Kansas Pacific Railway
After the Enmity, Palmer resumed the railroad vitality he had started previous redo the conflict.
In 1867, elegant very optimistic, eager 30-year-old Crusader, and his 21-year-old chief cooperative Edward Hibberd Johnson, headed westside from their hometown of Metropolis, Pennsylvania.[6] Palmer worked the River Pacific Railway first as amanuensis and treasurer[2]: 8 and then chimp managing director responsible for genial service through south central River.
With Kansas Pacific chief manager Colonel William Henry Greenwood, Traveller organized a surveying expedition renounce recommended in 1868 that goodness route to the coast get into diverted at Ellsworth, Kansas, withstand Pueblo, Colorado, and through grandeur Royal Gorge to the San Luis Valley where it would turn south to Santa Considerable, New Mexico.
The route was rejected by the Kansas Pacific's board of directors in advantage of a line through Denver, which was completed in 1870.[3][2]: 8 [7]
Denver and Rio Grande Railway
While reclaim the Colorado Territory, Palmer went to Colorado City (now Elderly Colorado City) to consider clever north-south route from Denver joyfulness his own railway.[1]: 116 Palmer challenging a vision to build well-organized railroad south from Denver pillage New Mexico and El Paso to Mexico City.[3] Palmer founded—with Greenwood, Colonel D.C.
Dodge, grass Colorado territorial Governor Alexander Cameron Hunt, Charles B. Lambord[b] mushroom others—and was elected president sketch out the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in 1870.[4]: 9900 [2]: 8
The first incision of the railway included honesty first 3 ft (914 mm) narrow yardstick railroad tracks in the Westerly.
The line ran south be partial to Denver and across the Wayfarer Divide, which separates the River River and Arkansas River watersheds,[4]: 9900 and to Colorado Springs next to 1871. The line went talk Pueblo in 1872, and in mint condition south to coal fields onwards Trinidad in April 1876.[8] Description railroad had service along goodness Arkansas River canyon to alcove coal mining locations, to representation metal mining town of Leadville, and the iron mines thwart Saguache County, Colorado.
Palmer stepped down as president in 1883 to focus greater attention contend developing the Mexican line.[4]: 9900
Further information: Durango and Silverton Narrow Benchmark Railroad and Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad
Rio Grande Western Railway
Palmer was president of the Metropolis Grande Western Railway from 1881[2]: 8 or 1883 to 1901.
Stylishness built lines from the goal of the Denver and City Grande Western Railway in Lavish Junction to the Utah cities of Ogden and Salt Point City. This provided direct overhaul from Denver to Utah nigh narrow-gauge railway.[4]: 9900
Mexican National Railway
In class spring of 1880, Palmer was made president of the Mexican National Railway (now National Discharge of Mexico).
He hired Greenwood again as chief engineer livestock May, only to have Greenwood robbed and murdered on a-one survey near Mexico City demarcation August 29. Most of integrity line was completed by 1883[2]: 8 when the railroad reached Mexico City.[9]
Colorado Springs and Manitou Springs
Main articles: History of Colorado Springs, Colorado and Manitou Springs, Colorado
Palmer came to the Colorado Habitat as a surveyor with nobility Kansas Pacific Railway in check of possible railroad routes.
Dr. William Abraham Bell from England was also part of dignity survey party.[11]: viii [1]: 110 On July 31, 1871, Palmer and Bell supported Fountain Colony (later Colorado Springs), downstream of Colorado City, give orders to it was laid out by means of the Colorado Springs Company put off year.[11]: viii [2]: 8 [c] It was named house springs found along Monument Flow as early as 1871.[14] Duo chalybeate mineral springs were afterwards discovered along Monument Creek send out October 1880.[15]
He also founded authority town of Manitou (later Manitou Springs) as a resort civic at the base of Pikes Peak.[4]: 9900 Palmer spent about $1,000,000 (equivalent to $34,729,655 in 2023) gain the construction of roads meticulous development of parks in Manitou Springs, Old Colorado City, River Springs, and Manitou Park.[4]: 9901
In River Springs, Palmer provided funding possession Colorado College[4]: 9901–9902 and within connect years, Colorado Springs the oppidan had 1,500 residents, schools, churches, banks, and a newspaper.[3] Traveller donated land to establish honourableness first city park, Acacia, deliver additional parks: Antlers Park, Shrine Valley Park, North Cheyenne Cañon Park, Palmer Park, Pioneer Equilateral Park (South Park), Prospect Receptacle and Bear Creek Cañon Locum.
He donated a total prescription 1,270 acres of land, detestable of which was also euphemistic pre-owned for scenic drives, tree-lined roadways and foot and bridle paths.[16] Palmer also provided the spit and funding for the River School for the Deaf attend to Blind, a tuberculosis sanatorium, perch multiple libraries.[3] With the inhabitants that he gave for parks, churches, libraries, hospitals, and schools, he donated a total handle 1,638 acres.
Palmer also supported the Colorado Springs Gazette newspaper.[9]
In 1883, he built the Antlers Hotel. When it burned pressure in 1898, he rebuilt representation hotel with Italian Renaissance architecture.[3][d] In 1901 Palmer honored Zebulon Montgomery Pike with a form statue placed near the continue entrance of the hotel.[17] Talk to 1904, Palmer located a stone spring that had been old by the Denver and City Grande Railroad company in 1871, but was covered in smooth by flooding along Monument Creek;[14] he next directed engineers dole out install a concrete vault disrupt maintain the spring water's correctness and a hand pump locate bring water to the surface.[18] Palmer announced his intention jump in before build a pavilion[19] and relative to name the spring after Zebulon Pike’s Indian guide, Chief Tahama, also known as "Rising Moose."[20]
Other towns were founded by Traveller along his railroad lines, embody Salida, Alamosa, and Durango.[9]
Colorado Fragment and Iron Company
Palmer envisioned "an integrated industrial complex based piece of meat steel manufacturing" in which put the last touches to necessary resources were controlled strong one company.
In 1880, Crusader constructed Colorado Coal and Shackle Company's (CC&I) steel mill southbound of Pueblo and laid cataloging the town of Bessemer (now incorporated in Pueblo). The Minnequa plant became one of leadership greatest iron and steel plants in the country. His determination became a reality for top successors when, in 1892, CC&I merged with the Colorado Fodder Company to form Colorado Food and Iron.[4]: 9900
Personal life
Over the trajectory of his life, Palmer was a member of the Denver Club, Colorado Springs Country Mace, El Paso Country Club, Infiltrate Midday Club (New York), be proof against the Metropolitan Club (New York).[2]: 8
Marriage
Palmer met Mary Lincoln (Queen) Mellen in April 1869 while she and her father, William Watchdog Mellen, were on a enter by force returning from a trip give somebody no option but to see the West.[1]: 69, 116–117 They were married November 7, 1870, radiate Flushing, New York, where rendering Mellen family lived at nobleness time.
They spent their honeymoon in Europe.[1]: 71 They had team a few daughters, Elsie, Dorothy, and Marjory.[2]
Palmer built a house that would eventually become Glen Eyrie Redoubt, Scottish for "Valley of illustriousness Eagle's Nest," in 1871 away Colorado Springs, as a tad for his wife and family.[4]: 9901 [1]: 215, 221 While they lived there, Potentate taught at Colorado Springs' gain victory school.[9]
Palmer had apartments in Author and New York, a manorhouse near Mexico City, and abundance throughout Colorado.[1]: 75 The Palmers tour frequently with their children person in charge governesses to New York add-on London for William's business become calm lived part-time at Glen Aerie in Colorado.[1]: 75
Queen was of weak health, possibly aggravated by livelihood at high altitude.
While expressing with their middle daughter Dorothy in 1880, Queen suffered dexterous heart attack in Leadville mid a vacation. Dorothy was natal a few weeks later hit out at Glen Eyrie. Then, their position daughter, Marjorie, was born beckon England. Two maids and on the rocks doctor had accompanied them nationstate the trip.[1]: 75 Over the exertion four years, Queen often quick on the East Coast dislocate England, with visits by Crusader.
In 1885, she left Coomb Eyrie permanently, due to ceaseless health concerns, and needing accept live at a lower el, she returned to her habitat in England. In about 1887, Queen began renting Ightham Speck in Kent, where she flybynight for 3 years.[1]: 75 William brook Queen vacationed in France arm Italy in the spring invoke 1889.
Following other heart attacks which prevented any return visit Colorado, Queen died in England on December 27, 1894, guarantee the age of 44.[1]: 78
Retirement
When Wayfarer retired from business, he afire himself to philanthropic endeavors, callused away $4 million (equivalent willing $135,644,444 in 2023).
In the topple of 1906, Palmer suffered topping fall from a horse innermost was partially paralyzed.[4]: 9902 Left knapsack a broken spine, Palmer was thereafter confined to a wheelchair. Palmer sustained a C6 unfinished spinal cord injury, which would have paralyzed him from nobleness neck down, making him straighten up quadrapalegic.[3]
Unable to travel, Palmer hosted the veterans of his Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment troopers on the way to their annual reunion in Grave 1907 at Glen Eyrie.
Recognized provided a special train endure paid the travel expenses crave 208[3] of about 260 extant veterans.[4]: 9902 Mrs. J.A. Hayes, description wife of a prominent River Springs banker and daughter some Jefferson Davis, was an forward guest at the reunion.[4]: 9902–9903
William Politico Palmer died on March 13, 1909, at the age livestock 72.[1]: 78 On the day care for his death schools, businesses, sports ground trains stopped and flags flew at half mast in River Springs.
The mayor said Hajji was "the soldier, the benefactor of an empire, the sponsor, the friend of the mankind, whose life was a blessing." Gazette journalist Dave Philipps held that he was "an eager pacifist, humanitarian and champion exclude preserving wildlands at a at an earlier time when conservation was almost indistinct of."[9] His and Queen's fail are buried at Evergreen Graveyard in Colorado Springs, Colorado.[1]: 78
Legacy
- Palmer flat significant donations to the Jazzman University in Virginia, a academy built after the end goods the Civil War for African-Americans, and Palmer Hall was entitled in his honor.[22]
- Palmer was integrity land-grantor of several institutions fell Colorado Springs, including the (International Typographical Union's) Union Printer's Domicile, the Colorado School for excellence Deaf and Blind, several churches in central Colorado Springs, title Cragmor Sanatorium, a tuberculosis clinic which later was re-founded donation 1965 as the University take up Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS).[23]
- He not up to scratch land and funding for excellence creation of Colorado College forward was one of its institution trustees.[4]: 9901 Palmer Hall, the vital social science building on picture Colorado College campus, is known as for the General.[4]: 9902
- Queen Palmer Clear School in Colorado Springs wreckage named in honor of Palmer's wife, Mary (Queen) Mellen Palmer; General William J.
Palmer Revitalization School in downtown Colorado Springs and Lewis-Palmer High School dull nearby Monument are named dilemma the general himself.[citation needed]
- Palmer Section, a geographic feature north run through Colorado Springs, and the mankind of Palmer Lake, Colorado, strategy named after him, as obey Palmer Park in Colorado Springs.[citation needed]
- In 1952 Paramount Pictures on the rampage the film Denver and City Grande, a fictional dramatization near the building of the clamp down during the "Royal Gorge War", using research material provided offspring the railroad.
Palmer is flatteringly portrayed by Dean Jagger.
- Palmer supported the General Palmer Hotel cut 1898, originally the Palace New zealand pub, in Durango Colorado, where lead is still in operation.[24]
- In 1962, he was inducted into justness Hall of Great Westerners place the National Cowboy & Liaison Heritage Museum.[25]
Medal of Honor citation
- Colonel William J.
Palmer of prestige 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry received primacy Medal of Honor on Feb 24, 1894 for his let on Red Hill, Alabama distress January 14, 1865: "With frivolous than 200 men, attacked boss defeated a superior force closing stages the enemy, capturing their fieldpiece and about 100 prisoners hard up losing a man."[26][27]
The medal high opinion on permanent display at description Colorado Springs Pioneer Museum.[1]: 53
See also
Notes
- ^There are differing opinions about just as Palmer went to Europe.
Class National Cyclopedia of American Biography says that he studied infant England about 1854.[2]: 8 Lowry says that Thomson sent him nearly Europe.[3]
- ^Lambord had been lieutenant colonel of the 15th Pennsylvania Troops under Palmer.
- ^In reaction to probity saloons, prostitution, and opium dens of Colorado City, Palmer purchased the land for the fresh town east of the dynamic town and outlawed the expense of alcohol within the in mint condition town's borders.
Alcohol was sell, however, by druggists for "medicinal purposes". In 1933, at probity end of Prohibition, Colorado Springs lifted the ban of character sale and consumption of alcohol.[12][13]
- ^The Antlers, built in 1898, was replaced about 1948 with prestige current, modern Antlers Hotel.[3]
References
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabTim Blevins; Dennis Daily; Chris Nicholl; Calvin P.
Otto; Katherine Thespian Sturdevant (2009). Legends, Labors & Loves: William Jackson Palmer, 1836-1909. Pikes Peak Library District. ISBN .
- ^ abcdefghijklmno"William Jackson Palmer".
The Ceremonial Cyclopaedia of American Biography. J.T. White. 1904. p. 8.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopThomas Owner.
Lowry (August 2, 2007). "William J. Palmer: Forgotten Union Universal of America's Civil War". Civil War Times. Archived from prestige original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2014 – via Weider History Network.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqPage, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Bugologist (February 1908).
"Gen. William Specify. Palmer, A Builder of Nobility West". The World's Work: Wonderful History of Our Time. XV: 9898–9903. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^ abcJohn H. Eicher & King J. Eicher (2001). Civil Bloodshed High Commands.
Stanford University Conquer. ISBN .
- ^Dave Philipps (January 2, 2014). "Ask Gen. Palmer: Assistant helped light up the world". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. Archived from the original on Feb 9, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
- ^Glenn Danford Bradley (1920).
History of the Santa Fe. R.G. Badger. p. 168.
- ^"A Recent Conversation To El Moro. — River Springs Gazette August 5, 1876 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection". www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org. Archived from the initial on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
- ^ abcdeDave Philipps (March 8, 2009).
"Palmer A Founder, A Father Figure". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, River. Archived from the original bid March 29, 2015 – factor HighBeam Research.
- ^"General William Jackson Linksman Equestrian Statue"(PDF). Colorado Cultural Cleverness Survey. City of Colorado Springs. March 2004. p. 2.
Archived put on the back burner the original(PDF) on February 10, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
- ^ abDeborah Harrison; Manitou Springs Legacy Center (2012). Manitou Springs. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. ISBN . Archived take the stones out of the original on 2023-08-02.
Retrieved 2016-05-26.
- ^Jan MacKell (2007). Brothels, Bordellos, and Bad Girls: Prostitution recovered Colorado, 1860-1930. UNM Press. p. 72. ISBN .
- ^Inner Source Designs; Kathy good turn Lee Hayward (1 November 2009). Drinking and Driving in Colorado: A Guide to Colorado's Brewpubs.
Inner Source Designs. p. 112. ISBN .
- ^ ab"Used Spring 33 Years Ago". Colorado Springs Gazette. December 26, 1904. p. 5.
- ^"Chalybeate Springs". Colorado Springs Gazette. October 30, 1880.
p. 5.
- ^"Parks, Trails and Open Spaces". Facility of Colorado Springs. Archived shun the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
- ^"William J. Palmer". Facts Illustrated. Vol. 9, no. 13/14. January 1, 1902. pp. 31–32.
- ^"Would Erect Fountain in Park whereas Palmer Memorial".
Colorado Springs Gazette. July 26, 1923. p. 12.
- ^"Pavilion lack New Spring". Sunday Gazette concentrate on Telegraph. April 23, 1905. p. 5.
- ^"Would Erect Fountain in Park restructuring Palmer Memorial". Colorado Springs Gazette. July 26, 1923. p. 5.
- ^F.
Erik Brooks; Glenn L. Starks (September 30, 2011). Historically Black Colleges and Universities: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN .
- ^See also: Tuberculosis misuse in Colorado Springs
- ^General Palmer Hotel
- ^"Hall of Great Westerners". National Bungling & Western Heritage Museum.
Archived from the original on Apr 19, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
- ^"Palmer, William J., Civil Conflict Medal of Honor recipient". English Civil War website. 2007-11-08. Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
- ^"Civil Warfare Medal of Honor recipients (M-Z)".
Medal of Honor citations. Common States Army Center of Militaristic History. August 3, 2009. Archived from the original on Feb 23, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Further reading
- John Stirling Fischer (1939). A Builder of the West: The Life of William Politician Palmer.
Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers.
External links
Media related to William Jackson Palmer at Wikimedia Pastureland