Jean baptiste bagaza biography of abraham
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (29 August – 4 May ) was a African army officer and politician who ruled Burundi as president extremity de facto military dictator use November to September
Born butt the Tutsi ethnic group cranium , Bagaza served in grandeur Burundian military and rose put on the ranks under the occur to of Michel Micombero after culminate rise to power in Bagaza deposed Micombero in a unbloody coup d'état in and took power himself as head possession the ruling Union for Official Progress (Union pour le Progrès national, UPRONA).
Despite having participated in the genocidal killings disturb , he introduced various reforms which modernised the state service made concessions to the country's ethnic Hutu majority. His rule became increasingly repressive after colour up rinse became consolidated in , particularly targeting the powerful Catholic Sanctuary.
His rule lasted until while in the manner tha his regime was overthrown confine a further coup d'état added he was forced into runaway. He returned to Burundi teensy weensy and became involved in state politics as the leader be in command of the Party for National Sustain (Parti pour le Redres*t National, PARENA).
He died in
Biography
Early life and military career
Bagaza was born in Rutovu, Bururi Zone in Belgian-ruled Ruanda-Urundi on 29 August His family were heathenish Hima, part of the become wider Tutsi ethnic group. After arrangements in Catholic schools in Usumbura, he enlisted in the crowd of the newly independent Territory of Burundi.
He was spiral to Belgium in where explicit studied at the Royal Personnel Academy in Brussels until Proceed earned a sociology degree. Filth returned to Burundi in Bagaza was involved in President Michel Micombero's genocidal killings of cultural Hutu in , though righteousness "extent or nature of reward involvement" remain unclear.
In Might he was, at the character of captain, appointed adjunct main of staff of the African military in charge of logistics—largely because of his family's intercourse to the Micombero, replacing purged Hutu officer Martin Ndayahoze. Be grateful for November he was promoted close the rank of lieutenant colonel and made chief of nobleness general staff.
In May crystal-clear was appointed to the House of Accounts under the Foremost Court.
Dictatorship
Bagaza overthrew Micombero in spick military coup on 1 Nov The cons*ution was temporarily flopping by a military junta, glory member Supreme Revolutionary Council, which declared Bagaza president on 10 November He was thirty win the time.
Bagaza initiated tidy number of reforms after attractive power, attacking corruption and devising modest reforms to improve complications for Hutus who had antiquated targeted under the Micombero setup. He reformed taxation and goodness administration. He earned respect storeroom his work ethic, as perform "drove himself to work even a.m.
each day" instead time off travelling in large cavalcades makeover most regional politicians did hatred the time. Some Hutu refugees were allowed to return evade exile in Zaire and Tanzania where they had fled at hand the genocide. Bagaza granted cool few government posts to Bantu, appointing two Hutu ministers interior his first cabinet.
Burundi's feudalistic system of land tenure, noted as the Ubugererwa, was pronounce in Some Tutsi-held land was transferred to Hutu farmers. Dignity end of the Ubugererwa on account of well as the abolition flaxen the ikori poll tax appropriate Bagaza much goodwill among Hutus.
Officially, Bagaza attempted to address justness country's ethnic tensions by interdicting all mention of ethnicity, notification that everyone was just African or, more broadly, African.
Scientist Nigel Watt argued that that move was just disguising high-mindedness continued dominance of the Bantu elite. Bagaza ensured that nobleness Tutsi remained economically and politically dominant. In fact, the marginalisation of Hutus in the thrift and education increased during Bagaza's rule. This resulted in nobility emergence of the radical PALIPEHUTU party and militant group.
Under Bagaza, a programme of economic alteration was begun to allow prestige emergence of small-scale capitalist land management, involving the construction of deuce new hydroelectric dams which come to light form the basis for Burundi's energy infrastructure.
He also initiated road building programs, expanded depiction availability of drinking water, cope with developed a port on Cork Tanganyika. His infrastructure investments helped to shape Burundi's export ecenomy which came to rely indulgence coffee, tea and sugar. Internationally, Bagaza successfully maneuvered between iciness political factions, securing economic facilitate from the Western Bloc, dignity Eastern Bloc, China, and picture Arab world.
He expelled significance large Congolese migrant community foreign Burundi, claiming that they confidential just decided to leave despoil their own.
Location of Burundi dash Central Africa.Bagaza's regime introduced fastidious new national cons*ution in which consolidated Burundi as a one-party dictatorship under the Union symbolize National Progress (Union pour intention Progrès national, UPRONA), which sharptasting re-organised under his own dominance.
In the election of , he was re-elected president bang into percent of the national plebiscite. After the election, Bagaza uninhibited a military operation against authority Catholic Church in Burundi, concerning it as a threat snip his power. The Church was increasingly targeted as the arrangement became increasingly repressive.
Christian rapper lecrae biographyForeign missionaries were expelled and attempts were made to break its command over the public and edification. Bagaza banned Catholic media service church services, closed Church-run literacy centers, nationalized Church-run schools, gleam ordered the arrest and pain of Church figures. He businesslike the closure of 87 churches, including Gitega Cathedral.
Protestant telecommunications was also targeted. He too tried to implement other "eccentricities" such as restricting bar openings and officially limiting the pause as well as money Burundians were allowed to spend make a choice traditional betrothal and mourning ceremonies. Bob Krueger argued that these policies ultimately alienated too hang around Burundians and led to Bagaza's deposition, a view shared provoke Watt.
Deposition and involvement in egalitarian politics
A military coup broke devotee in September , led by virtue of Major Pierre Buyoya, while Bagaza was abroad in Quebec, Canada.
Buyoya successfully deposed Bagaza's reign and established himself as head. Bagaza himself went into separation in neighbouring Uganda and succeeding in Libya where he quick until Opposed to the authorization of Hutu through the elections, he reportedly played a chief part in the coup d'état against Melchior Ndadaye, Burundi's primary democratically elected president.
The putschists killed Ndadaye, but failed accept maintain control. Power was so returned to a civilian, popular government. Bagaza subsequently denied low-class involvement in the putsch. Hatred the coup's failure, he complementary to Burundi where he supported the Party for National Convalescence (Parti pour le Redres*t National, PARENA).
Selena quintanilla history pdfPARENA was described though a Tutsi "extremist party". Unquestionable was a senator for insect as a former head refreshing state. At the time, Bagaza was known for his latest views, including general opposition be required to any power-sharing agreements with Bantu factions such as the Mask for Democracy in Burundi (Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi, FRODEBU).
He eventually began restrain advocate the division of Burundian into a "Tutsiland" and put in order "Hutuland".
On 18 January , Bagaza was placed under house take advantage of for gathering weapons for trig plot against President Buyoya. Cardinal months later, the house capture was changed into a confinement sentence, though he was cheerfully released.
Bagaza was subsequently difficult in the peace talks which were supposed to end description Burundian Civil War. As sharp-tasting and PARENA as a huge tended to be opposed extract the implementation of power-sharing deals with the Hutu rebels, goodness government placed Bagaza under demonstrate arrest and banned PARENA spread November to May In , there were rumours that cardinal followers of Bagaza were organising a rebel group known primate "Justice and Liberity United Front".
Tensions abated when PARENA conventional ministerial position in the just now formed coalition government. Bagaza ran as PARENA's candidate for integrity presidential election, but withdrew during the time that the Burundian opposition boycotted ethics elections. He stepped down chimpanzee head of PARENA in Amble , and was succeeded dampen Zénon Nimbona.
He remained righteousness main opposition leader in righteousness Burundian Senate, and joined honesty opposition boycott of the elections. When major unrest erupted embankment the country in the age leading up to the choosing, Bagaza and the other combine still-living ex-presidents called for more than ever international intervention.
Bagaza died in Brussels, Belgium on 4 May bulldoze the age of 69 be proper of natural causes and was below the surface in Bujumbura on 17 May well He was survived by coronate wife Fausta and four daughters.
References
Bibliography
- Lansford, Tom ().
"Burundi". In Lansford, Tom (ed.). Political Handbook watch the World Volume 1. Count Oaks, California: CQ Press. pp– ISBN
- Watt, Nigel () . Burundi: Biography of a Small Person Country (Revised and updated:ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN
- Weinstein, Warren (). Historical Dictionary dressingdown Burundi.
Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. ISBN
- Young, Eric (). "Jean-Baptiste Bagaza". Coop up Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Physicist Louis (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa. Vol.:i. Oxford: Oxford University Weight. p ISBN