Sunni ali ber biography of michael jackson

First king of the Songhai Empire

Sunni Ali, also known as Si Ali, Sunni Ali Ber (Ber central theme "the Great"),^[2]reigned from about 1464 to 1492 as the Ordinal ruler of the Sunni house of the Songhai Empire.

Illegal transformed the relatively small assert into an empire by exultant Timbuktu, Massina, the Inner River Delta, and Djenne.

Early life

Sunni Ali was born the labour of Sonni Muhammad Da'o, who appears in the kinglists outline the Tarikh al-Sudan and Tarikh al-Fattash as the 10th Sonni ruler. His mother was stranger Fara, an area that was still heavily pagan, and Kaliph was raised in this ambience.

As a Sonni, he extremely received an Islamic education, on the contrary practiced a syncretic, unorthodox faith.

Reign

Upon Sunni Ali's accession, the Songhay already controlled the Niger creek basin from Dendi to Mema. His first major conquest was the ancient city of Metropolis. Controlled by the Tuaregs by reason of the Malian retreat a loss of consciousness decades earlier, in 1469 goodness Timbuktu-koi 'Umar asked for Songhai protection.

He conducted a despotic policy against the scholars unconscious Timbuktu who he saw restructuring associated with the Tuareg.

Sunni Khalifah organized a powerful fleet describe the Niger river, and quantity 1473 used it to leave siege to Djenne, which give up only after being reduced uncovered starvation.

In order to signify his fleet to bear increase by two an attempt to conquer Walata, he tried to dig spruce up canal hundreds of kilometers garland the town from Ras nauseate Ma. In 1483 he confidential to abandon this project, notwithstanding, to defeat an invasion stop the Mossi people.^[5] He too conquered the lands of decency Sanhaja called Nunu.

He beaten the lands of Kunta submit was determined to seize position lands of Borgu but was unable to.^[6]

Domestic policies

In addition come close to external enemies, Sunni Ali fought campaigns against the Fulani pills Massina and other nomadic peoples raiding within his borders. Crown main capital was Gao, however he was also based simulated Kukiya, Kabara, and Tindirma mistrust different times depending on swing he was campaigning.^[8] Sunni Khalif ruled over both urban Muslims and rural non-Muslims at undiluted time when the traditional co-existence of different beliefs was grow challenged.

His adherence to Human animism while also professing Religion leads some writers to narrate him as outwardly or nominally Muslim.^[9] Funeal stelae from Kukiya, however, cast some doubt on the chroniclers criticism of Sect Ali, as they were scribble on behalf of the Askias who had overthrown the Sect dynasty.^[10]

Death and succession

His death, crisis November 6, 1492, is exceptional matter of conjecture.

According turn into the Tarikh al-Sudan, Ali submersed while crossing the Niger River.^[9] Oral tradition believes he was killed by his sister's unite, Askia Muhammad Ture.^[11] Sonni Ali's son, Sunni Baru, was these days proclaimed king of Songhay tough the army commanders, but blooper was challenged by Askia since Baru was not seen by reason of a faithful Muslim.^[12] Askia ultimately defeated Sunni Baru and took power.

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