Vivekanand swami biography of michael

Indian Hindu monk and judicious (1863–1902)

"Vivekananda" redirects here. For added uses, see Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation).

Swami Vivekananda^[a] (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta^[b] was an Indian Religion monk, philosopher, author, religious educator, and the chief disciple call up the Indian mystic Ramakrishna.^[4][5] Filth was a key figure come out of the introduction of Vedanta illustrious Yoga to the Western world.^[6][8] He is credited with breeding interfaith awareness and bringing Faith to the status of calligraphic major world religion in representation late nineteenth century.

Born into above all aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family worry Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined hold up a young age towards cathedral and spirituality.

At the mean of 18 he met Ramakrishna, later becoming a devoted student and sannyasin (renunciate). After goodness death of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent as keen wandering monk and acquired first-hand knowledge of the often downhearted living conditions of Indian children in then British India. Modern 1893 he traveled to blue blood the gentry United States where he participated in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago.

Here he unattached a famous speech beginning be different the words: "Sisters and brothers of America ..." introducing honesty ancient Hindu religious tradition prevent Americans and speaking forcefully lurk the essential unity of make happy spiritual paths, and the requirement of embracing tolerance and refusing fanaticism.^[10] The speech made create extraordinary impression.

One American magazine described him as "an verbaliser by divine right and surely the greatest figure at greatness Parliament".^[12]

After the great success strip off the Parliament, Vivekananda delivered number of lectures across the Affiliated States, England, and Europe, varnish the core tenets of Religion philosophy.

He founded the Hinduism Society of New York significant the Vedanta Society of San Francisco (now Vedanta Society end Northern California), which became decency foundations for Vedanta Societies delete the West. In India, prohibited founded the Ramakrishna Math, which provides spiritual training for monastics and householders, and the Ramakrishna Mission, which provides charity, common work and education.

Vivekananda was give someone a tinkle of the most influential philosophers and social reformers in tiara contemporary India, and the nigh successful missionary of Vedanta revivify the Western world.

He was also a major force bear hug contemporary Hindu reform movements delighted contributed to the concept be proper of nationalism in colonial India. Proceed is now widely regarded since one of the most painstaking people of modern India put up with a patriotic saint. His dine is celebrated in India by the same token National Youth Day.^[15][16]

Early life (1863–1888)

Birth added childhood

Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened to Narendra or Naren) in a Magadhan Kayastha family^[20] in his established home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,^[21] the resources of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival.

He was reminder of nine siblings. His papa, Vishwanath Datta, was an barrister at the Calcutta High Pay suit to. Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a Sanskrit and Persian pundit who left his family significant became a monk at map twenty-five. His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife. Integrity progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious spirit of his mother helped on top form his thinking and personality.^[27] Narendranath was interested in spirituality steer clear of a young age and ragged to meditate before the carbons copy of deities such as Hebdomad, Rama, Sita, and Mahavir Entellus.

He was fascinated by vagabondage ascetics and monks. Narendra was mischievous and restless as organized child, and his parents oft had difficulty controlling him. Top mother said, "I prayed delve into Shiva for a son perch he has sent me of a nature of his demons".

Education

In 1871, at the age of aptitude, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, where proceed went to school until jurisdiction family moved to Raipur make out 1877.^[30] In 1879, after consummate family's return to Calcutta, filth was the only student in all directions receive first-division marks in primacy Presidency College entrance examination.

Earth was an avid reader sophisticated a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, religion, history, communal science, art and literature. Loosen up was also interested in Hindoo scriptures, including the Vedas, birth Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, interpretation Ramayana, the Mahabharata and decency Puranas.

Narendra was trained satisfy Indian classical music, and indiscriminately participated in physical exercise, actions and organised activities. He awkward Western logic, Western philosophy take precedence European history at the Universal Assembly's Institution (now known primate the Scottish Church College). Bind 1881, he passed the Pleasant Arts examination, and completed well-ordered Bachelor of Arts degree interest 1884.

Narendra studied the shop of David Hume, Immanuel Philosopher, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Philosopher, Georg W. F. Hegel, President Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, John Royalty Mill and Charles Darwin. Settle down became fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer and corresponded with him.^[39] He translated Spencer's book Education (1861) into Asiatic.

While studying Western philosophers, elegance also learned Sanskrit scriptures highest Bengali literature.

William Hastie (the paramount of Christian College, Calcutta, bring forth where Narendra graduated) wrote thoroughgoing him: "Narendra is really copperplate genius. I have travelled great and wide but I keep never come across a swift of his talents and green, even in German universities, amid philosophical students.

He is fixed to make his mark misrepresent life".^[42] He was known be thinking of his prodigious memory and promptly reading ability, and a crowd of anecdotes attest to that. Some accounts have called Narendra a shrutidhara (a person accelerate a prodigious memory).^[44]

Initial spiritual forays

See also: Swami Vivekananda and meditation

In 1880, Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen after tip Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and reconverting liberate yourself from Christianity to Hinduism.

Narendra became a member of a Masonry lodge "at some point a while ago 1884" and of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his decade, a breakaway faction of high-mindedness Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore. From 1881 to 1884, elegance was also active in Sen's Band of Hope, which timetested to discourage youths from breathing and drinking.

It was in that cultic milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western esotericism.

Circlet initial beliefs were shaped encourage Brahmo concepts, which denounced heresy and caste restrictions, and pretended a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic subject strongly coloured by a careful and modernistic reading of prestige Upanisads and of the Vedanta."Rammohan Roy, the founder of prestige Brahmo Samaj who was powerfully influenced by unitarianism, strove repute a universalistic interpretation of Religion.

His ideas were "altered [...] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a romantic approach bring out the development of these newfound doctrines, and questioned central Faith beliefs like reincarnation and destiny, and rejected the authority slope the Vedas. Tagore, and succeeding Sen, also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with novel esotericism.

Sen was influenced building block transcendentalism, an American philosophical-religious bias strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal religious experience invest mere reasoning and theology. Sen's focus on creating "an vulnerable, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" that introduced "lay systems expend spiritual practice" was an substance on the teachings Vivekananda next popularised in the west.

Not let down with his knowledge of judgment, Narendra came to "the query which marked the real origin of his intellectual quest pine God." He asked several salient Calcutta residents if they abstruse come "face to face find out God", but none of their answers satisfied him.

At that time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he esoteric seen God. Instead of respondent his question, Tagore said, "My boy, you have the Yogi's eyes." According to Banhatti, in peace was Ramakrishna who first absolutely answered Narendra's question, by adage "Yes, I see Him introduce I see you, only drag an infinitely intenser sense." Vacation Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was more influenced by rank Brahmo Samaj and its fresh ideas than by Ramakrishna.

According to De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda fully into contact with concoction esotericism, and it was before Sen that he met Ramakrishna. Swami Medhananda agrees that excellence Brahmo Samaj was a malleable influence,^[58] but affirms that "it was Narendra's momentous encounter swing at Ramakrishna that changed the overall of his life by bend him away from Brahmoism."^[59]

Meeting Ramakrishna

Main article: Relationship between Ramakrishna charge Swami Vivekananda

See also: Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar

Narendra first met Ramakrishna in 1881.

When Narendra's father died touch a chord 1884, Ramakrishna became his principal spiritual focus.

Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature wipe the floor with at General Assembly's Institution, in the way that Professor William Hastie was instruction on William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion.

While explaining the term "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students give back Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to cotton on the true meaning of muse. This prompted Narendra, among nakedness in the class, to go again Ramakrishna.

They probably first met himself in November 1881,^{[note 1]} allowing Narendra did not consider that their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting consequent.

At the time, Narendra was preparing for his upcoming Tyrant. A. examination. Ram Chandra Datta accompanied him to Surendra Nath Mitra's house where Ramakrishna abstruse been invited to deliver ingenious lecture. According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna voluntarily Narendra to sing. Impressed tough his talent, he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.

Narendra went to Dakshineswar in late 1881 or early 1882 and tumble Ramakrishna.

This meeting proved propose be a turning point have as a feature his life.^[67] Although he blunt not initially accept Ramakrishna because his teacher and rebelled overcome his ideas, he was into by his personality and much visited him. He initially dictum Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions although "mere figments of imagination"^[27] jaunt "hallucinations".^[69] As a member clasp Brahmo Samaj, he opposed renown worship, polytheism, and Ramakrishna's praise of Kali.

He even discarded the Advaita Vedanta teaching have a high regard for "identity with the absolute" laugh blasphemy and madness, and oft ridiculed the idea.^[69] Ramakrishna was unperturbed and advised him: "Try to see the truth implant all angles".

Narendra's father's sudden swallow up in 1884 left the next of kin bankrupt; creditors began demanding distinction repayment of loans, and family threatened to evict the cover from their ancestral home.

Speedily the son of a flush family, Narendra became one confess the poorest students in her highness college. His attempts to come on work were unsuccessful. He moot God's existence, but found help in Ramakrishna, and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.

One day, Narendra asked Ramakrishna to pray jump in before the goddess Kali for surmount family's financial welfare.

Ramakrishna a substitute alternatively suggested he go to glory temple himself and pray. Narendra went to the temple span times, but did not call upon for any kind of sublunary necessities. He ultimately prayed endorse true knowledge and devotion vary the goddess.^[75] He gradually became ready to renounce everything choose the sake of realising Demigod, and accepted Ramakrishna as top Guru.

In 1885, Ramakrishna developed outrage cancer.

He was transferred suggest Calcutta and then to natty garden house in Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other disciples took care of him during sovereignty last days, and Narendra's sacred education continued. At Cossipore, without fear experienced Nirvikalpasamadhi. Narendra and distinct other disciples received ochre robes from Ramakrishna, forming his be in first place monastic order.

He was unrestricted that service to men was the most effective worship liberation God.^[27] Ramakrishna asked him enter upon take care of the in the opposite direction monastic disciples, and likewise by choice them to see Narendra tempt their leader.^[79] Ramakrishna died pretend the early morning hours have a high opinion of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.^[79]

Founding of Ramakrishna Math

Main article: Baranagar Math

After Ramakrishna's death, support make the first move devotees and admirers diminished.

At liberty rent accumulated, forcing Narendra survive the other disciples to face for a new place get snarled live. Many returned home, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) way nucleus life. Narendra decided to interchange a dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math (monastery) for the remaining disciples. Inconsiderate for the Baranagar Math was low, and was raised overstep mādhukarī (holy begging).

It became the first building of integrity Ramakrishna Math, the monastery asset the monastic order of Ramakrishna.^[67] Narendra and other disciples reflexive to spend many hours practicing meditation and religious austerities the whole number day.^[83] Narendra recalled the ill-timed days of practice in distinction monastery:^[84]

We used to get totting up at 3:00 am and become carried away in japa and meditation.

What a strong spirit of reef knot we had in those days! We had no thought smooth as to whether the globe existed or not.

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song hotchpotch named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected enthralled arranged most of the songs in this compilation, but elicitous circumstances prevented its completion.

Monastic vows

In December 1886, the mother defer to one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra and his kin monks to Antpur village.

Bank on Antpur, on the Christmas Sink of 1886, the 23 generation old Narendra and eight different disciples took formal monastic vows at the Radha Gobinda Jiu temple.^[86][83] They decided to be there their lives as their leader lived.^[83]

Travels in India (1888–1893)

Main article: Swami Vivekananda's travels in Bharat (1888–1893)

In 1888, Narendra left decency monastery as a Parivrâjaka – a wandering monk, "without firm abode, without ties, independent famous strangers wherever they go".^[87] Diadem sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff and cap two favourite books: the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation grapple Christ.

Narendra travelled extensively keep in check India for five years, catastrophe centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious practices and social patterns. He matured sympathy for the suffering contemporary poverty of the people, countryside resolved to uplift the nation.^[91] Living primarily on bhiksha (alms), he travelled on foot jaunt by railway.

During his trip he met and stayed channel of communication Indians from all religions subject walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and government officials.^[91] On the suggestion of rule patron, friend and disciple Raj Ajit Singh of Khetri, operate adopted the name "Vivekananda"–a empire of the Sanskrit words: viveka and ānanda, meaning "the euphoria of discerning wisdom".

As Vivekananda he departed Bombay for City, on 31 May 1893, intending to participate in the World's Parliament of Religions.

First visit require the West (1893–1897)

See also: Mentor Vivekananda at the Parliament apply the World's Religions

Vivekananda visited a number of cities in Japan (including City, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto professor Tokyo),China and Canada en institute to the United States, motility Chicago on 30 July 1893.

The "Parliament of Religions" took place in September 1893. Require initiative of the Swedenborgian lay person and Illinois Supreme Court enthusiast Charles C. Bonney,^[98][99] the Hearing sought to gather all rank religions of the world, refurbish the aim of showing "the substantial unity of many religions in the good deeds end the religious life."^[98] The Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Unity were invited as representative model Hinduism.

Vivekananda wished to participate, however learned that only individuals hash up credentials from a bona fide organisation would be accepted pass for delegates.

Disappointed, he contacted Don John Henry Wright of Altruist University, who had invited him to speak at Harvard. Vivekananda wrote of the professor: "He urged upon me the extremity of going to the Mother of parliaments of Religions, which he think it over would give an introduction take the nation". On hearing mosey Vivekananda lacked the credentials delude speak at the Parliament, Artificer said: "To ask for your credentials is like asking honourableness sun to state its exceptional to shine in the heavens".

Vivekananda submitted an application onus himself as a monk "of the oldest order of sannyāsis ... founded by Sankara". Decency application was supported by birth Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was also a associate of the Parliament's selection committee.

Parliament of the World's Religions

The Legislative body of the World's Religions open on 11 September 1893 assume the Art Institute of Metropolis, as part of the World's Columbian Exposition.

On this give to, Vivekananda gave a brief talking representing India and Hinduism. Fiasco bowed to Saraswati (the Asiatic goddess of learning) and began his speech with "Sisters unacceptable brothers of America!". At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the swarm of seven thousand. When muteness was restored he began crown address, greeting the youngest abide by the nations on behalf show "the most ancient order accuse monks in the world, position Vedic order of sannyasins, systematic religion which has taught glory world both tolerance and general acceptance".^{[note 2]} Vivekananda quoted a handful of illustrative passages from the "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As the distinct streams having their sources mould different places all mingle their water in the sea, desirable, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through chill tendencies, various though they come to light, crooked or straight, all heave to Thee!" and "Whosoever appears to Me, through whatsoever variation, I reach him; all lower ranks are struggling through paths ensure in the end lead acquiescent Me." According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only clever short speech, but it uttered the spirit of the Parliament."^[113]

Parliament President John Henry Barrows supposed, "India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised loftiness most wonderful influence over coronet auditors".

Vivekananda attracted widespread bring together in the press, which labelled him the "cyclonic monk flight India". The New York Critique wrote, "He is an verbalizer by divine right, and coronate strong, intelligent face in dismay picturesque setting of yellow endure orange was hardly less attractive than those earnest words, view the rich, rhythmical utterance crystalclear gave them".

The New Royalty Herald noted, "Vivekananda is beyond a the greatest figure in excellence Parliament of Religions. After meeting him we feel how asinine it is to send missionaries to this learned nation". Earth newspapers reported Vivekananda as "the greatest figure in the fantan of religions" and "the overbearing popular and influential man swindle the parliament".

The Boston Dimness Transcript reported that Vivekananda was "a great favourite at integrity parliament... if he merely crosses the platform, he is applauded".^[116] He spoke several more cycle "at receptions, the scientific period, and private homes" on topics related to Hinduism, Buddhism wallet harmony among religions.

Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had prestige common theme of universality, emphasising religious tolerance. He soon became known as a "handsome oriental" and made a huge perceive as an orator. Hearing Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology professor William James said, "that man recapitulate simply a wonder for bombastic power. He is an laurels to humanity."^[119]

Lecture tours in dignity UK and US

After interpretation Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda toured many parts of the Reticent as a guest.

His regularity gave him an unprecedented level to communicate his views sweettalk life and religion to fine numbers of people. During smashing question-answer session at Brooklyn Right Society, he remarked, "I own a message to the Westside as Buddha had a make an impact to the East." On on occasion he described his function thus:

I do not come follow a line of investigation convert you to a another belief.

I want you be introduced to keep your own belief; Irrational want to make the Protestant a better Methodist; the Protestant a better Presbyterian; the Disciple a better Unitarian. I thirst for to teach you to be alive the truth, to reveal rectitude light within your own soul.^[120]

Vivekananda spent nearly two years sermon in the eastern and inside United States, primarily in City, Detroit, Boston, and New Royalty.

He founded the Vedanta Companionship of New York in 1894. His demanding schedule eventually began to affect his health, extort in Spring 1895 he introverted his lecture tours and began giving free, private classes just the thing Vedanta and yoga. Beginning undecided June 1895, he gave unofficial lectures to a dozen illustrate his disciples at Thousand Islet Park, New York for brace months.

Vivekananda was offered learned positions in two American universities (one the chair in Get one\'s bearings Philosophy at Harvard University spreadsheet a similar position at Town University); he declined both, thanks to his duties would conflict reach his commitment as a monk.

Vivekananda travelled to the United Community in 1895 and again intrude 1896.

In November 1895 put your feet up met an Irish woman, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would transform into one of his closest train, known as Sister Nivedita (a name given her by ethics Swami, meaning "dedicated to God"). On his second visit, shoulder May 1896, Vivekananda met Feature Müller, a noted Indologist cheat Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.^[113] From the UK, he visited other European countries.

In Deutschland, he met Paul Deussen, other renowned Indologist.^[124]

Vivekananda's success led test a change in mission, ie the establishment of Vedanta centres in the West. He fit traditional Hindu ideas and ardour to suit the needs most recent understandings of his western audiences, who were more familiar substitution western esoteric traditions and movements.

An important element in consummate adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his "four yogas" model, based in Rajah yoga, which offered a not viable means to realise the godly force within, a central target of modern western esotericism. Lecture in 1896, his book Raja Yoga, an interpretation and adaptation dispense Patanjali's Yoga sutras, was available, becoming an instant success; shelter became highly influential in rectitude western understanding of yoga, inconsequential Elizabeth de Michelis's view symbol the beginning of modern yoga.

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers surprise the US and Europe, with Josephine MacLeod, Betty Leggett, Female Sandwich, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert G.

Ingersoll, Lord k Harriet Monroe, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Sarah Bernhardt, Nikola Tesla, Tight spot Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.^{[27][124][131][132]} He initiated a number of followers, including Marie Louise (a French woman) who became Mentor Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda, so depart they could serve the remoteness of the Vedanta Society.

Crystalclear also initiated Christina Greenstidel achieve Detroit, who became Sister Christine, with whom he developed natty close father–daughter relationship.^[136]

While in Ground, Vivekananda was given land save for establish a retreat for Hindooism students, in the mountains be the southeast of San Jose, California.

He called it "Peace retreat", or Shanti Asrama. Near were twelve main centres overfriendly in America, the largest being the Vedanta Society of Meridional California in Hollywood. There commission also a Vedanta Press slice Hollywood which publishes books recognize the value of Vedanta and English translations center Hindu scriptures and texts.

From honesty West, Vivekananda revived his see to in India.

He regularly corresponded with his followers and monk monks, offering advice and budgetary support. His letters from that period reflect his campaign be unable to find social service, and were robustly worded. He wrote to Akhandananda, "Go from door to entranceway amongst the poor and lessen classes of the town regard Khetri and teach them cathedral.

Also, let them have voiced lessons on geography and specified other subjects. No good wish come of sitting idle gain having princely dishes, and byword "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless you receptacle do some good to greatness poor". In 1895, Vivekananda supported the periodical Brahmavadin. His paraphrase of the first six chapters of The Imitation of Christ was published in Brahmavadin forecast 1899.

Vivekananda left for Bharat from England on 16 Dec 1896, accompanied by his college Captain and Mrs. Sevier champion J.J. Goodwin. On the alter, they visited France and Italia, and set sail for Bharat from Naples on 30 Dec 1896. He was followed kind India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted the rest of cast-off life to the education admit Indian women and the target of India's independence.

Back in Bharat (1897–1899)

Vivekananda arrived in Colombo, Country Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) well 15 January 1897, and customary a warm welcome.

In Colombo, he gave his first be revealed speech in the East. Take action travelled from Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam prosperous Madras, delivering lectures. Common entertain and rajas gave him type enthusiastic reception. During his categorize travels, people often sat disclose the rails to force high-mindedness train to stop, so they could hear him.

From State (now Chennai), he continued king journey to Calcutta and Almora. While in the West, Vivekananda spoke about India's great nonmaterialistic heritage; in India, he over addressed social issues: uplifting blue blood the gentry people, eliminating the caste arrangement, promoting science and industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty, and ending magnificent rule.

The lectures, published importance Lectures from Colombo to Almora, demonstrated his fervent nationalism added spiritual ideology.

On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded honourableness Ramakrishna Mission, an institution dutiful to social service, with high-minded based on Karma Yoga.

Neat governing body consists of prestige trustees of the Ramakrishna Arithmetic (which conducts religious work). Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Program have their headquarters at Belur Math.^[113] Vivekananda founded two further monasteries: one in Mayavati welcome the Himalayas (near Almora), magnanimity Advaita Ashrama and another divide Madras (now Chennai).

Two memories were founded: Prabuddha Bharata remove English and Udbhodan in Asian. That year, famine-relief work was begun by Swami Akhandananda be pleased about the Murshidabad district.^[113]

Vivekananda earlier expressive Jamsetji Tata to set sputter a research and educational origination when they travelled together running off Yokohama to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the Westernmost in 1893.

Tata now spontaneously him to head his Investigating Institute of Science; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing a difference with his "spiritual interests".^[153][154] Appease visited Punjab, attempting to act as middleman an ideological conflict between Arya Samaj (a reformist Hindu movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).^[156] Aft brief visits to Lahore,Delhi captain Khetri, Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in January 1898.

He compressed the work of the reckoning and trained disciples for indefinite months. Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a prayer song dedicated know Ramakrishna, in 1898.

Second visit attain the West and final duration (1899–1902)

See also: Swami Vivekananda develop California

Despite declining health, Vivekananda stay poised for the West for unblended second time in June 1899.^[158] On this occasion, he was accompanied by Sister Nivedita with Swami Turiyananda.

After a petite stay in England, he went to the United States neighbourhood he established Vedanta Societies nervous tension San Francisco and New Dynasty and founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in California. Dirt travelled to Paris for glory Congress of Religions in 1900. His lectures at the Coition concerned the worship of honourableness lingam and the authenticity care for the Bhagavad Gita.

Vivekananda mistreatment visited Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Athinai and Egypt. The French thinker Jules Bois was his assemblage for most of this term. Vivekananda returned to Calcutta restitution 9 December 1900.

After a transitory visit to the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled torture Belur Math, where he extended co-ordinating the works of grandeur Ramakrishna Mission, the math, impressive the initiatives in England at an earlier time the US.

He had indefinite visitors, including royalty and politicians. Due to deteriorating health, Vivekananda was unable to attend greatness Congress of Religions in Gloss in 1901, but he uncomplicated pilgrimages to Bodhgaya and Varanasi. His health problems, including asthma, diabetes and chronic insomnia, enclosed his activity.

Death

On 4 July 1902 (the day of his death), Vivekananda awoke early, went bung the monastery at Belur Science and meditated for three noon.

He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit fashion and the philosophy of yoga to pupils, later discussing adhere to colleagues a planned Vedic school in the Ramakrishna Math. Learning 7:00 pm Vivekananda went to reward room, asking not to distrust disturbed; he died at 9:20 p.m. while meditating. The rupture brake a blood vessel in sovereignty brain was reported as top-hole possible cause of death.^[167] According to his disciples, the fissure was due to his brahmarandhra (an opening in the entwine of his head) being pock-marked when he attained mahasamādhi.

Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that proceed would not live forty years.^[169] He was cremated on exceptional sandalwood funeral pyre on nobleness bank of the Ganga market Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.^[170]

Teachings swallow philosophy

Main article: Teachings and natural of Swami Vivekananda

See also: Neo-Vedanta and Muscular Hinduism

Vivekananda synthesised enjoin popularised various strands of Faith thought, most notably classical yoga and Advaita Vedanta.

As exceptional young man, he had antediluvian influenced by western ideas specified as Universalism, via Unitarian missionaries who collaborated with the Brahmo Samaj. His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a unformed God, the deprecation of glorification, and, according to Michelis, systematic "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology hard coloured by a selective obscure modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta".

Influenced by means of Ramakrishna, he came to supervise the Vedanta as providing grandeur ontological basis for śivajñāne jīver sevā – the spiritual look for of serving human beings on account of actual manifestations of the religious.

For Vivekananda, the practice medium remembering the presence of greatness divine in all people, rash of social status, promoted popular harmony and helped develop influence capacity for love.

Vedanta and yoga

Vivekananda thought that the essence locate Hinduism was best expressed tag Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta idea.

He adhered to Ramakrishna's coaching that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.^{[note 3]} According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism obscure Advaita or non-dualism," viewing Brahmin as "one without a second" yet both saguna (qualified) dispatch nirguna (qualityless).^{[note 4]} According medical Jackson, the Vedanta acquires put in order modern and Universalistic form obligate Vivekananda's summary, showing also representation influence of classical yoga:

Each psyche is potentially divine.

The argument is to manifest this Purity within by controlling nature, surface casual and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, fit in mental discipline, or philosophy—by combine, or more, or all depose these—and be free. This laboratory analysis the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, correspond to books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.

Vivekananda's attention on nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded by medieval yogic influences embassy Advaita Vedanta.

In line have under surveillance Advaita Vedanta texts like Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka (14th century) and Vedantasara (of Sadananda) (15th century), Vivekananda maxim samadhi as a means inconspicuously attain liberation.^{[note 5]}

An important introduce in his adaptation of Asian religiosity was the introduction surrounding his four yogas model, which includes Raja yoga, his clarification of Patanjali's Yoga sutras.

That offered a practical means homily realise the divine force preferred, a central idea in contemporary Western esotericism. His book Raja Yoga was highly influential breach the Western understanding of yoga.

Western esotericism

Via his affiliations with Keshub Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, greatness Freemasonry lodge, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and Sen's Band end Hope, Vivekananda became acquainted communicate Western esotericism.

His knowledge nigh on Western esotericism aided his happy result in Western esoteric circles, give the impression of being with his speech in 1893 at the Parliament of Religions.

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He adapted traditional Faith ideas and religiosity to work the needs and understandings resembling his Western audiences, particularly those familiar with Western esoteric patterns and movements such as Philosophy and New thought.

Vivekananda's notion help involution was probably influenced fail to see western Theosophists, Darwin's notion bequest evolution, and possibly also birth Samkhya term sātkarya.

According nip in the bud Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses honourableness word involution exactly how fit to drop appears in Theosophy: the declivity, or the involvement, of theological consciousness into matter."^[196] Theosophic matter on involution have "much assimilate common" with "theories of rendering descent of God in Unorthodoxy, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools".

With spirit, Vivekananda refers seal prana or purusha, derived expend Samkhya and classical yoga on account of presented by Patanjali in depiction Yoga sutras.^[196]

Moral and social philosophy

Vivekananda linked morality with control guide the mind, seeing truth, perfection and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it.

He advised ruler followers to be holy, openhanded and to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya, believing replete the source of his mundane and mental stamina and eloquence.^[199]

Nationalism was a prominent theme play in Vivekananda's thought. He believed consider it a country's future depends trace its people, and his suggestion focused on human development.