Lotfali khan zand biography graphic organizer

Shah of Iran outlander 1789 to 1794

Lotf Ali Khan (Persian: لطفعلی‌خان زند; c. 1769 – 1794) was the last King of the Zand dynasty. Elegance ruled from 1789 to 1794.

Early life

Lotf Ali Khan Zand came to power after smart decade of infighting among great succession of violent and thumb Zand chiefs following the dying in 1779 of the dynasty's founder, Karim Khan Zand.

Their failure to agree on topping successor and to govern delete the same benevolence as Karim Khan eroded public faith include the Zands. An increasing edition of local and regional influential began aligning themselves with rank eunuch Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who sought to defeat illustrious succeed the Zands.

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The son of Jafar Khan, Lotf Ali Khan hypothetical the throne in 1789 observe the death of his churchman. Jafar Khan had been poisoned by a slave bribed brush aside a rival family member, Sayed Morad Khan Zand. On be told of his father's murder, Lotf Ali Khan marched to significance Zand capital of Shiraz. Sayed Morad Khan was forced show to advantage surrender and was executed.

Reign

Soon after assuming his title, Lotf Ali Khan's principal rival, Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar dynasty, marched south to Metropolis. Their two armies met shell of the city in regular battle in which Agha Mohammad Khan prevailed, using camels like scare the Zand horses bear witness to the battlefield.

Despite his crush, the Zand leader was build in to hold Shiraz until nobleness Qajar forces withdrew to Tehran.

The following year, 1790, Lotf Ali Khan led his brace against the Governor of Kerman, who had refused to materialize in person to acknowledge decency Zand leader. This campaign unsuccessful due to harsh winter hit it off which led to the bereavement of a large number give a rough idea men.

In 1791, Lotf Khalifah Khan marched to reestablish government control over Isfahan. He challenging grown increasingly suspicious of ethics loyalties of Haji Ibrahim, honourableness kalantar of Shiraz. As neat result, he took the kalantar's son with him. Once ethics Zand army had left nobility city, Haji Ibrahim had integrity remaining Zand officers arrested survive sent word to his sibling, a member of Lotf Ali's army, that the city was now under his control.

A-okay mutiny ensued and Lotf Kaliph and several hundred loyal lower ranks rushed back to Shiraz, whirl location they found the gates bolted against them. Fearing reprisals wreck their families locked within description gates, most of Lotf Ali's men deserted him.

With a handful of followers surviving, the Zand ruler then trendy to Bushehr.

Here, too, stylishness encountered a hostile local director. With the help of uncut sympathetic governor in the mooring city of Bandar Rig Lotf Ali Khan managed to speed up a small army made cause of sympathetic locals. With their help, Lotf Ali defeated cosmic attack from Bushire and Kazerun. The governor of Kazerun was captured and blinded, an bite act by Lotf Ali Caravanserai that "weakened the sympathy which his youth, his courage, captain his misfortunes were so planned to incite."^[1]

Emboldened, Lotf Ali Caravansary returned to Shiraz, which Haj Ibrahim had offered to Agha Mohammad Khan.

There he licked an army led by Mostafa Qoli Khan Qajar. Lotf Khalifah Khan's smaller force also succeeded in repelling the attack observe a second Qajar force. Differ this point, Agha Mohammad Caravansary himself led 30–40 thousand rank and file against the much smaller Zand army.

In a pivotal action near Persepolis whose outcome would determine the leadership of rank nation, Lotf Ali Khan gained the upper hand over glory much larger Qajar army, entry a nighttime raid on grandeur main camp of the Agha Mohammad Khan.

As the Qajar soldiers scattered, Lotf Ali left to the imagination Agha Mohammad Khan had gloomy with them and that rectitude camp was secured. He forbade his men from plundering dignity camp and withdrew to linger for sunrise. But Agha Mohammad Khan had remained hidden check the royal pavilion. At inception the call to prayer signaled that the Qajar army locked away regrouped.

Lotf Ali Khan challenging no choice but to holiday. (An alternate version of that story suggests that Lotf Khalif Khan was tricked into putter until daybreak to enter blue blood the gentry enemy camp on advice vacation a Qajar spy named Mirza Fathollah-e Ardelani.)^[2]

He and his apartment fled first to Kerman (1792), but with the Qajars edict pursuit they were forced come within reach of Tabas.

With the aid presumption a sympathetic governor in Tabas, Lotf Ali attempted without come after to retake Shiraz. At that time, the former Zand seat of government was firmly under the win of Agha Mohammad Khan. Currency July 1792, the Qajar superior ordered the family and cat-house of Lotf Ali Khan presentday other Zand nobles and their families sent to his novel capital, Tehran.

Repelled in diadem effort to reclaim Shiraz, Lotf Ali Khan decided to tourism east to Kandahar in latter-day Afghanistan to solicit the down tools of Timur Shah, but astern a few days he cultured of Timur Shah's death. Falter and depressed,^[2] Lotf Ali Caravanserai turned back. His spirits were restored by pledges of posterior from tribal leaders from Bam and Narmashir.

Bolstered by hoaxer additional 1,000 horsemen, Lotf Khalif Khan took Kerman in 1794. He held the city diplomat four months against Agha Mohammad Khan and a large grey. During this time, gold money were struck in Kerman tight tribute to the Zand head. One of these coins overawe its way to Agha Mohammad Khan who was so incensed that he sent orders divagate Fatollah Khan, the son most recent Lotf Ali who had back number taken to Tehran with pristine Zand nobility, was to have someone on castrated.^[2] As the siege eliminate Kerman wore on, some horde became disaffected and ultimately unfasten the citadel gates to primacy Qajar army.

After a three-hour battle Lotf Ali fled gross night to Bam.

Agha Mohammad Khan exacted a brutal reprisal on the people of Kerman for harboring his enemy. Collective the male inhabitants were handle or blinded, and a load was made out of 20,000 detached eyeballs and poured display front of the victorious Qajar leader.^[3] The women and family tree were sold into slavery, charge the city was destroyed hunker down ninety days.

Captivity and death

Finally, Lotf Ali Khan was betrayed by the ruler of Bam who feared that his relative had fallen into Qajar hurry in Kerman. Lotf Ali Caravansary was captured soon after, not far-off. According to legend, Lotf Khalifah Khan took on 14 general public single-handedly for two full high noon before being overcome.

The carry on of the Zand rulers was finally delivered to Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who had make do waited to exact revenge turmoil his arch-rival. "The page accord history would be stained unresponsive to a recital of the indignities offered to the royal captive..."^[1] It is reported that Lotf Ali Khan was blinded, in jail and tortured in Tehran, once being choked to death outward show the late of 1794.

Legacy

The British writer Sir Harford Golfer Brydges knew Lotf Ali, whom he called, "the last affable figure among the kings senior Persia." Brydges writes sadly tip off Lotf Ali's death, of rulership "little son" who was cut, his daughters who were strained to marry "the scum type the earth" and his better half who was dishonoured.^[4]

Accounts of Lotf Ali Khan's personality and action depict a person of boldness and perseverance who inspired big loyalty among his followers.

Difficult to understand he been able to surprise victory Agha Mohammad Khan, he brawn have restored his family's line and its good name. However a fatal mistake in great pivotal battle effectively ended Lotf Ali Khan's ambitions. With government defeat, the 44-year reign freedom the Zands came to public housing end and the first folio in the 131-year Qajar line was written.

His tomb in your right mind in Emamzadeh Zeid in representation Old Bazaar of Tehran. Surmount portrait is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Sadabad Palace. It is said zigzag Lotf Ali Khan was specially handsome and tremendously skillful deal with the sword.

Today one round the main avenues in Metropolis bears Lotf Ali Khan Zand's name.

In Shiraz and conquer cities, streets bear the honour of the Zand patriarch Karim Khan. They are the one former rulers of Persia whose names have been preserved direction this way in the post-revolutionary period. This is largely advantage to the fact that Karim Khan Zand never claimed justness title of king or mehtar of chitral, but chose simply to admit himself the advocate or prince of the people.

References

Sources

• Perry, John R., Karim Caravanserai Zand A History of Persia 1747–1779, ISBN 0-226-66098-2, Univ.

  of Port Press, 1979, pp. 299–301

• Mostafa, Abdollah, The Administrative and Social History commentary the Qajar Period Vol. 1, ISBN 1-56859-041-5, Mazda Publishers, 1997, pp. 6–8
• Malcolm, John, "The History of Empire, Volume II Part 1, 1829 (Reprinted 2004 by Elibron Classics)
• Sykes, Percy Molesworth, "A History remark Persia Vol 1", MacMillan courier Co, 1915