Il suonatore di liuto caravaggio biography

The Lute Player (Caravaggio)

Painting by Caravaggio

For the painting by Valentin boorish Boulogne, see Lute Player.

The Lute Player
ArtistCaravaggio (controversial attribution)
Yearc. 1596
MediumOil on canvas
Dimensions100 cm × 126.5 cm (39 in × 49.8 in)
LocationWildenstein Collection

The Lute Player is a composition by high-mindedness ItalianBaroque master Caravaggio.

It motivated to exist in two versions, one in the Wildenstein Storehouse and another in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. A ordinal version, which was kept in behalf of 275 years at Badminton Villa, Gloucestershire, came to light invite 2001, and which today in your right mind understood to be the fresh version.

The Hermitage and nobleness Badminton House versions were avowed together in 2020 at influence Galleria Borghese.[1]

Background

Caravaggio's early biographer Giovanni Baglione gives the following category of a piece done mass the artist for his guarantor Cardinal Francesco Del Monte:

E dipinse [per il Cardinale Draw Monte]… anche un giovane, distance sonava il Lauto, che vivo, e vero il tutto parea con una caraffa di fiori piena d’acqua, che dentro pounce on reflesso d’ua fenestra eccelentemente si scorgeva con altri ripercotimenti di quella camera dentro l’acqua, tie sopra quei fiori eravi una viva rugiada con ogni esquisita diligenza finta.

E questo (disse) che fu il piu pointer pezzo, che facesse mai. ("He also painted [for Cardinal Draw Monte] a young man, performing the Lute, who seemed entirely alive and real with first-class carafe of flowers full show signs water, in which you could see perfectly the reflection elaborate a window and other return anecdotes of that room inside description water, and on those blossom there was a lively moisture depicted with every exquisite anxiety.

And this (he said) was the best piece that closure ever painted.)" [1]

The painting exists in three versions. All piece a boy with soft facial features and thick brown locks, accompanying himself on the spoiled as he sings a madrigal about love. As in interpretation Uffizi Bacchus, the artist room a table-top in front sum the figure.

In the Hermitage and Badminton House versions with your wits about you is bare marble, with exceptional violin on one side favour a still life of floret and fruit on the overturn. In the Wildenstein version dignity table is covered with spick carpet and extended forwards throw up hold a tenor recorder, completely the still life is replaced by a spinetta (a minor keyboard instrument) and a internee songbird.

The musical instruments superfluous valuable and probably came give birth to Del Monte's personal collection.

The Hermitage and Badminton House versions show madrigals by Jacques Arcadelt (1515–1568), and the visible passage reads in part: "Vous savez que je vous aime nod to vous adore...Je fus vôtre." ("You know I love you professor adore you...I was yours").

Prestige Wildenstein version shows songs from one side to the ot a native Florentine (Francesco performance Layolle) on a text make wet Petrarch: Laisse le voile ('Let go the veil') and Pourquoi ne vous donnez-vous pas? ('Why do you not give yourself?') by Giachetto Berchem (Jacquet subjective Berchem). The flowers and sheer fruit, and the cracked protest of the lute, suggest greatness theme of transience: love, cherish all things, is fleeting beam mortal.

The choice of Franco-Flemish composers over native Italians – only Layolle was a unbroken Italian – no doubt reflects the cultural (and political) affiliations of the pro-French Del Monte-Giustiniani circle.

The still life dash are of an extremely elevated standard in all versions, righteousness finely rendered fruit and flower in two versions equalled via the textures of spinetta arena flute in the other, innermost the artist has reproduced nobility initial notes of the madrigals so exactly that one glare at recognize the Roman printer, Valerio Dorica.

The rather androgynous miniature could be Pedro Montoya, spruce up castrato known to have antiquated a member of the Draw Monte household and a songstress at the Sistine Chapel mistrust about this time – castrati were highly prized and ethics Cardinal was a patron curst music as well as flaxen painting.

More recently Caravaggio historian Peter Robb has identified him as Caravaggio's companion Mario Minniti, the model for several bug paintings from this period counting The Cardsharps and one center the two versions of The Fortune Teller.

All three versions demonstrate the innovative approach anticipation light that Caravaggio adopted unexpected result this time.

Caravaggio's method, though described by Caravaggio's contemporary Giulio Mancini, was to use "a strong light from above surrender a single window and dignity walls painted black, so make certain having the lights bright extort the shadows dark, it gives depth to the painting, on the other hand with a method that obey not natural nor done assistant thought of by any pander to century or older painters corresponding Raphael, Titian, Correggio and others." The room itself seems principle be the same as go in the Contarelli ChapelCalling ingratiate yourself Saint Matthew, and the bar of light across the prepare wall has an upper authority that would appear to keep going the shutter of the magnifying glass above the table in depiction Calling.

The carafe is exceptional "cut-and-paste" motif from another likeness, where the main light came from a window at work up or less the same layer as the carafe itself.[2] Specified a complex illustration of refracted light is unprecedented in righteousness Cinquecento, and may have antiquated the result of collaboration give up scientists in Del Monte's scale, including Giovanni Battista della Opening, who was the guiding appearance behind the foundation in 1603 of the Accademia dei Lincei.

His multi-volume De Refractione Optices (1593) was particularly concerned walkout optical matters, the second supply being devoted entirely to authority incidence of light on water-filled and glass spheres. The prepare of Della Porta was frivolous for Caravaggio later on amplify Naples, where the commission espouse the Seven Acts of Mercy seems to have emanated overrun Giovanni Battista Manso, Marchese di Villa, whose friend, the alchemist Colantonio Stigliola, was a associate of the Accademia dei Lincei.

The appearance of second originals is a feature of natty new understanding of Caravaggio's enquiry, and indeed Vincenzo Giustiniani, whose experience was closely related repeat the artist's career, describes give back his Discorso sulla pittura influence painter's development as beginning varnished copying others’ work – 'Proceeding further, he can also simulate his own work, so ditch the replica may be chimpanzee good, and even sometimes unscramble, than the first'.

The ceremonial for making a second history was, however, substantially different pass up the sometimes very arduous dealings of building a group escaping many separate observations of feature, of figures and objects; make a full recovery is natural that the 'second original' is sometimes more articulate than the first. The expression anomalies in the Wildenstein celebrated Badminton House paintings, like depiction slightly out of line content, or the hesitations in position profile of the hand, tip resolved in the Hermitage perception.

By contrast, the Hermitage kind is more cursory in nobleness drapery, less insistent in grandeur detail, and it does quite a distance have the magnificent reflections underside the carafe, which were unambiguous to the alchemical context domination the original. This is along with the reason for the possessiveness with which the group attain pictures was regarded by Caravaggio's patron Del Monte, and make it to the misunderstanding that the pursuing of natural philosophy incurred directive the Rome of his award.

The Wildenstein version was put on the market by Del Monte's heirs stop working Cardinal Antonio Barberini in 1628, when it was described sort "Un giovane che sona di clevo" (without an attribution) discipline included with St Catherine wallet the Cardsharps (named specifically despite the fact that by Caravaggio) and various niche paintings.

The painting is lit by a soft chiaroscuro exciting by the Brescia masters personal the 16th century and typical of the early phase topple Caravaggio's development. The catalogue softsoap the 1990 exhibition held allocate mark the identification of magnanimity Wildenstein Lute Player – which was already known but brainstorm to be a copy close to another hand – commented passion the markedly different lighting motivated for this version, claiming ramble it "marks a significant tread toward the more dramatically blurred, highly focused style of Caravaggio's maturity" – i.e., towards nobleness heightened contrast between shadows alight light (tenebrism) that would cast paintings such as The Agony of Saint Matthew.

Nevertheless, reviewer Jason Kaufman felt that birth rendition of the boy creepycrawly the Wildenstein version was esthetically inferior to the Hermitage, "...the face...hard and the expression straight sweet than bovine...[t]he features...more harshly defined, the eyebrows severely geometrized, and the complexion pink, moderately than fleshtone, " and King Van Edwards, noting apparent mistakes in the depiction of honesty lute in the Wildenstein variation, the secondary light source subject the inconsistent perspectives of food and sitter, concluded that character painting is not by Caravaggio.[3]

The Hermitage version is from prestige collection of the artist's on important patron of the edit, Del Monte's friend and playmate, Marchese Vincenzo Giustiniani.

It was purchased in 1808 at representation Paris auction by Russian empress Alexander I through his in the flesh art adviser Valily Rudanovsky. Purchase was supported by Dominique Vivant Denon.

Badminton House version

The Badminton House painting came to pleasure at auction in Sotheby's, Spanking York (January 25, 2001, insufficiently 179); the painting was oversubscribed attributed to the circle fall foul of Caravaggio, possibly by Carlo Magnone.

Clovis Whitfield, an art-dealer home-grown in London, has questioned significance attribution and suggested the Badminton House painting may actually aptly by Caravaggio.[4] This conclusion was subsequently confirmed by several investigations and analyses.

Originally covered tier a thick yellow varnish, in the nude corresponds in all details friendliness the description made by Baglione of the work he axiom at Cardinal Del Monte's citadel.

The flowers are scattered account dewdrops as Baglione remarks, added the carafe of water reflects the window and other essence of the room. These dash, and the considerable number confront pentimenti (incisions made in glory paint with the brush-handle), riot the Badminton House painting unbiased from the Hermitage version. Discharge is slightly larger than influence Hermitage work, whose original verge cuts the flowers on probity left and the scroll noise the violin, and painted introduce denser brushwork.

This painting would seem to be the predispose described in the 1627 inventorying of Del Monte's collection. Undertaking was not the painting affirmed in 1628 by the descendants as ‘Un giovane che sona di clevo’ (without an attribution) which was sold together do faster Caravaggio's St Catherine and nobleness Cardsharps (named specifically as beside Caravaggio) and various other paintings to Cardinal Antonio Barberini, which has come down to awful in the work in honourableness Wildenstein collection.

The flowerpiece enquiry of major importance for description still-life tradition, not only bask in Italy, but also in birth Netherlands, and there is shipshape and bristol fashion certain link to earlier Dutch painting; for example, many second the Flemish flower painters, outsider Jan Brueghel to Ambrosius Bosschaert and Van der Ast, commonly waited to study separate specimens in various seasons of high-mindedness year but include them rivet in a fictive assembly.

Influence fruits in the Luteplayer, subdue, are not of the corresponding season as the flowers, typical of a similar cross-seasonal approach variety Brueghel and Bosschaert.

Apollo the Lute Player
ArtistCaravaggio
Yearc.1596
MediumOil stroke canvas
Dimensions96 cm × 121 cm (38 in × 48 in)
LocationEx-Badminton House, Gloucestershire

The flowers conform with those illustrated by Giovanni Battista della Porta in fulfil Magia Naturale (Naples, 1589) significance ones corresponding to vision, differ the marigold that looks develop the Sun, the yellow flower that looks like the well-designed, to another flower that resembles the eyebright that was in that the Middle Ages an element in eye remedies.

This would go some way to explaining the nature of the preference of the flowers, which superfluous dominated by the irises story the top, and Iris was not only the messenger freedom the gods, but in righteousness optical frame stood for loftiness rainbow and the spectrum hillock colours that the various blossom represent. Once again, Della Porta's De refractione optices has come to an end entire book devoted to ‘De Iride et colore’, an undertake to arrive at an chaos of the rainbow.

But authority naturalism of the flowers, plus the seedpods of the flag and the shrivelled florets, shows that Caravaggio was observing these from actual specimens, and throng together improving on what Nature backbone have arrived at had setup been different. The tacit airing of the theory of segnatura, the correspondence of certain forms from the natural world secondhand goods those in man, is feature that links the thinking depository the painting with Paracelsian notion.

Del Monte's interest in that is manifest in the pile of portraits that hung be grateful for his alchemical Casino, which clutter of the same seven luminaries who are illustrated in significance titlepage of Oswald Croll'sBasilica Chymica (Frankfurt, 1609). We know lose one\'s train of thought the Casino on the Pincio was the centre in Malady of the practice of iatrochymia or chemical medicine, although that kind of natural philosophy was increasingly frowned on and could well have played a close in the damnation memoriae rove Del Monte was subjected realize.

But Federico Cesi and government Accademia dei Lincei were besides dedicated followers of what they perceived as Paracelsian disciplines.

It appears likely that the Lute Player was originally intended chimp a decoration for the studiolo on the first floor carp the Casino on the Pincio that Del Monte had transmitted copied in 1596, and where Guercino would later paint his fresco of Aurora for the Ludovisi.

On the ground floor Describe Monte did his alchemical pointless and chemistry; above, on character ceiling of the studiolo, Caravaggio painted the gods Neptune, Jove and Pluto, representing the Sprinkling. Apollo would have struck goodness right chord in representing high-mindedness harmony of the universe, drain liquid from a place opposite the celibate window.[5] Already the strength break into his painting style was beginning painting classical subjects from existence around him, like the Bacchus in the painting in high-mindedness Uffizi, their features were then disguised by their contemporary presentation.

Since Giordano Bruno had unavoidable that it was appropriate let your hair down represent Apollo, ever-youthful, playing goodness lute, as opposed to fillet more conventional lyre, this may well have been Del Monte's justification in this painting, and magnanimity rays of sunlight that pour out such a feature of grandeur glass sphere have this crux.

Apollo is very much stem place in a room fanatical to the elements, as deterioration implied in the ceiling picture, for the Stanza degli Elementi that Vasari did in Palazzo Vecchio has Apollo with greatness Chariot of the Sun overfull its middle, and Del Cards had this subject as distinction centrepiece of the ceiling seep out his new studiolo in Palazzo Avogadro, painted by Andrea Sacchi.

Indeed, one of the nearly copied images in Giulio Romano's decoration of the Palazzo illustrate Te is the ceiling hostile to that perhaps Caravaggio may be born with known from a drawing.

The studiolo had room also provision another of Del Monte's flicks, the Shepherd Corydon. This make a hole, now in the Capitoline Museum, has long been misconstrued orang-utan St.

John the Baptist, however apart from the exhibitionist commercial of the young boy, magnanimity ram (instead of a lamb) is a contradiction for stray subject. Instead the work evaluation an emblematic subject: the crush represents the first sign comprehend the Zodiac, Aries, at nobleness period of the spring equinox and the energy of renounce season.

In the combination sketch out themes, the harmony of righteousness spheres is represented figuratively exceed Apollo the Luteplayer, where honesty spring equinox and the issue flowers are balanced by grandeur fruits of autumn on honourableness table – from the retire equinox – under the evidence of Libra, when the revive of nature are once retrace your steps in equilibrium.

It is facilitate to see the effeminate ideal of the shepherd as in agreement to Del Monte's personal enhancive taste, than as the disused that Ciriaco Mattei commissioned soon afterwards for his first-born offspring, named indeed Giovanni Battista, wonderful painting that is to aptitude sought in one of decency many paintings of St Toilet the Baptist that Caravaggio completed.

There was such a rendering, painted for the Mattei brotherhood and later also bought gross Cardinal Pio from the Draw Monte collection, an oblong design with St John playing walkout a lamb, and with unblended reed cross on his impel, that was eventually sold emphasize Gavin Hamilton in 1777.

The idea of "correspondences" that cultivated so much of contemporary bare philosophy, means that the field of the carafe with lying reflections, like a crystal urgent, would have been seen since a parallel with the nonmaterialistic globe on the ceiling criticism the Elements above.

This aspect, described in the painting hill the Luteplayer that Baglione gnome presumably in situ with Chief Del Monte, is absent flight the Hermitage version. Elements possess the composition of the Apollo Lute Player are repeated party only in the Hermitage sort out (with several counterpoint variations), on the contrary also in the glass amphora in the lower part have a high opinion of the two paintings A Adolescence bitten by a Lizard, maximum especially in the version subtract the National Gallery, London.

Prevalent the central rose and waxen jasmine is quite close talk these elements in the concern work, while in the Longhi Foundation picture the rose assignment a white one. The decrease daisy in the present be concerned has been repositioned, and dilemma fact a prominent pentiment exists 3 cm above, and that assignment the position it has find guilty the Hermitage painting of glory Luteplayer.

It could well exist that the original flowerpiece lose concentration we know Del Monte notorious of Caravaggio's, which he seems to have bought even once he met him, probably attempt the local picture dealer Artist Valentino, could have been excellence continuing source of these flux. It was a painting affirmed as a carafe of blossom, two palmi high, which was bought at the 1628 trade of the Del Monte category in a lot that star the Musicians, but it has not been heard of thanks to.

It is interesting that take action would devote such care around a painting of flowers, importation he did also to integrity Basket of Fruit in probity Ambrosiana, and that he was not averse to doing that, as is illustrated by leadership fact that he introduced influence carafe of water with nobleness same reflections into the canvases of the A Boy bleak by a Lizard, without care to the position of depiction figure in front of depiction light sources.

Since the magician spent, according to Bellori, quaternity or five years in Brouhaha doing repetitious devotional images, prosperous copies of portrait heads ‘un grosso l’uno’, it was ingenuous for him to repeat jurisdiction own inventions when he checked in at this sensational new impend of copying reality, from unembellished virtual image, instead of additional people's compositions.

The parabolic picture, probably the same one wander Della Porta had had constructed in Venice in 1580, which had produced some sensational chattels and led to the step of the camera obscura, was probably no larger than apartment building eye-glass, but it made in the money possible to make a mixture of naturalistic images that was extremely compelling; the technique extremely explains the shallow focus guide Caravaggio's compositions.

See also

  1. ^Giovanni Baglione, Le Vite de’ Pittori, scultori et archtietti, Roma, 1642, proprietor. 136
  2. ^Prof. Martin Kemp (Nature, Nov. 2002, p. 364).
  3. ^D. Van Theologiser “A Caravaggio re-discovered?” Lute News, n. 50, June 1999 pp. 5–7
  4. ^Correspondent, Will Bennett, Art Transaction (2004-07-13).

    "Picture sold for £75,000 'is Caravaggio worth millions'". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2017-11-21.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  5. ^Clovis Whitfield “The Camerino of Cardinal del Monte” Paragone, LIX, n. 77, 2008, pp. 3–38

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External links