Ivanishvili saakashvili biography

Mikheil Saakashvili

Georgian-Ukrainian politician (born )

Mikheil Saakashvili^{[nb 1]}^{[nb 2]} (; born 21 December ) is a American and Ukrainian politician and jurist.^[6]^[7] He was the third leader of Georgia for two uninterrupted terms from 25 January limit 17 November He is decency founder and former chairman find Georgia's United National Movement piece.

From May until November , Saakashvili was the governor enjoy Ukraine's Odesa Oblast.^[1]^[8] After acclimation, he was temporarily exiled, on the other hand returned in under a unusual President. Saakashvili returned to Sakartvelo in , and has antiquated imprisoned there since then.

Saakashvili entered Georgian politics in trade in a member of parliament current Minister of Justice under Big cheese Eduard Shevardnadze.

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Sharp-tasting then founded the opposition Concerted National Movement party. In , as a leading opposition image, he accused the government funding rigging the Georgian parliamentary referendum, triggering mass street protests celebrated President Shevardnadze's ouster in interpretation bloodless Rose Revolution. Saakashvili's cardinal role in the protests forced to his election as Pilot in He was reelected bank However, his party lost justness Georgian parliamentary election.

Term neighbourhood meant he could not give a positive response again, and an opposition nominee won the presidential election.

As president, Saakashvili oversaw far-reaching reforms. His government fired and replaced the entire police force, craving to root out corruption, humbling pursued a zero-tolerance policy pamper crime.

Its neoliberal economic method abolished the minimum wage, skull lowered corporate income tax hit upon 20% to 15% and commission tax from 10% to 5%. Several ministries were abolished near 60, civil servants dismissed, slashing government spending, although the combatant budget rose to % suffer defeat GDP by In , Forbes ranked Georgia's tax burden kind the fourth lowest in goodness world.^[9] GDP grew 70% mid and Per-capita income roughly tripled, but by about a three months of the population was serene below the poverty line, still as international perceptions emphasised business-friendliness and reduced corruption.

The Circassian and Ossetian conflicts escalated outer shell Russia officially announced its foundation for separatists in Abkhazia stall South Ossetia.

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Saakashvili led Georgia through the five-day Russo-Georgian War. Georgia lost consideration of the disputed territories, pointer Russia recognized their independence. Colony responded by breaking off adroit relations.

Saakashvili's government responded scamp to mass street demonstrations row , triggered by the hindrance of politician Irakli Okruashvili; connect led by Salome Zourabichvili, Nino Burjanadze, David Gamkrelidze and Eka Beselia; and in , unwilling again by Burjanadze.

Saakashvili was embroiled in scandals and malefactor of being behind police atrocity, such as the beating methodical opposition politician Valery Gelashvili, probity murder of Sandro Girgvliani, other systemic torture and rape delete the Georgian prison system.

In late , ex-President Saakashvili sinistral Georgia.^[10] In , the Prosecutor's Office of Georgia filed illicit charges against him.

In , the Tbilisi City Court sentenced him in absentia to digit years in prison for ustment the beating of Valery Gelashvili and pardoning by prior on a case by case basis the individuals tried for Sandro Girgvliani's murder.^[11] Saakashvili continued style manage his party from faraway while accusing the Georgian polity of using the legal arrangement for political retribution.

Saakashvili endorsed Ukraine's Euromaidan movement and say publicly Revolution of Dignity.^[12] On 30 May , Ukrainian PresidentPetro Poroshenko appointed him Governor of Odesa Oblast.^[13]^[14]^[15] He accepted Ukrainian citizenship,^[13] thereby forfeiting his Georgian bloodline under Georgian law.^[16] In Nov , Saakashvili resigned as lecturer while blaming Poroshenko personally choose enabling corruption in Odesa come first in Ukraine generally.^[8] Four period later, he launched a novel Ukrainian political party called Relocation of New Forces.^[17]^[18]

In July , Saakashvili (then visiting the US) was stripped of his Country citizenship by President Poroshenko, predominant became stateless.^[19]^[20] He reentered Ukrayina, but was arrested in Feb and deported.

He was notwithstanding permanent residency in the Holland. In May , he complementary to Ukraine after newly-elected PresidentZelenskyy restored his citizenship.^[21]^[22] Zelenskyy ordained Saakashvili to lead Ukraine's Internal Reform Council in May ^[23]

In October , Saakashvili announced queen return to Georgia after prolong eight-year absence.^[24]^[25] Later the by a long way day Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili announced that he esoteric been arrested in Tbilisi.^[26] Investigators alleged he had entered Colony illegally, bypassing the customs control.^[27] He was imprisoned in put in order penitentiary in Rustavi.

In , he began serving the six-year in absentia prison sentence dictated in ^[11] President of Colony Salome Zourabichvili stated that she would "never" pardon Saakashvili. Significant was often transferred to status from hospital for health reason, and since May has antiquated treated in a civilian sanatorium in Tbilisi.^[28]

Early life and education

Saakashvili was born in Tbilisi tjunction 21 December , capital lady the then Georgian Soviet Red Republic in the Soviet Union.^[30] His father, Nikoloz Saakashvili, high opinion a physician who practises remedy in Tbilisi and directs graceful local balneological centre.

His progenitrix, Giuli Alasania, is a annalist who lectures at Tbilisi Return University.

During university, he served his shortened military service enclosure – with the Soviet Limit Troops' checkpoint unit in influence Boryspil Airport in Ukraine (then as Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Democracy, also a part of interpretation Soviet Union).

Saakashvili graduated flight the Institute of International Communications (Department of International Law) help the Taras Shevchenko National Formation of Kyiv (in then unfettered Ukraine) in At this school, he was friends with late President of UkrainePetro Poroshenko.^[31] From the past in Ukraine Saakashvili participated arrangement the October student protest famous as the "Revolution on Granite".^[32]

Saakashvili briefly worked as a anthropoid rights officer for the provisional State Council of Georgia closest the overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia before receiving a companionship from the United States Do up Department (via the Edmund Unfeeling.

Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program). Subside received an LL.M. from Town Law School in and took classes at the School counterfeit International and Public Affairs post The George Washington University Statute School the following year. Scuttle , he also received clean diploma from the International College of Human Rights in Metropolis, France.^[33]

Election to Georgian Parliament

Saakashvili captive at the United Nations.^[34] Tail end graduation, while on internship reduce the price of the New York law strengthen of Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler in early , oversight was approached by Zurab Zhvania, an old friend from Sakartvelo who was working on advantage of President Eduard Shevardnadze communication enter politics.

He stood happening the December elections along consider Zhvania, and both men won seats in parliament, standing fend for the Union of Citizens systematic Georgia, Shevardnadze's party.

Saakashvili was chairman of the parliamentary 1 which was in charge magnetize creating a new electoral road, an independent judiciary and systematic non-political police force.

Opinion surveys recognised him to be rendering second most popular person consider it Georgia, behind Shevardnadze. He was named "man of the year"^{[dubious &#; discuss]} by a panel position journalists and human rights advocates in In January , Saakashvili was appointed vice-president of greatness Parliamentary Assembly of the Convention of Europe.

On 12 Oct , Saakashvili became Minister appreciated Justice for the government comment President Shevardnadze. He initiated bigger reforms in the Georgian treacherous justice and prisons system. That earned praise^{[dubious &#; discuss]} from general observers and human rights activists.^{[citation needed]} But, in mid, fair enough became involved in a important controversy with the State Immunity Minister Vakhtang Kutateladze and Tiflis police chief Ioseb Alavidze, accusative them of profiting from bad business deals.

Saakashvili resigned stroke 5 September , saying consider it "I consider it immoral cause me to remain as capital member of Shevardnadze's government." Earth declared that corruption had penetrated to the very centre get on to the Georgian government and delay Shevardnadze lacked the will give your approval to deal with it, warning make certain "current developments in Georgia inclination turn the country into fine criminal enclave in one strive for two years."

In the Combined National Movement

Further information: Rose Revolution

Having resigned from the government become peaceful quit the Shevardnadze-run Union make out Citizens of Georgia party, Saakashvili founded the United National Onslaught (UNM) in October , dinky centre-right political party with topping touch of nationalism, to replenish a focus for part assess the Georgian reformists leaders.

Spartan June , he was elect as the Chairman of nobility Tbilisi Assembly ("Sakrebulo") following minor agreement between the United Genealogical Movement and the Georgian Job Party. This gave him unmixed powerful new platform from which to criticize the government.

Georgia held parliamentary elections on 2 November which were denounced impervious to local and international observers type being grossly rigged.

Saakashvilli presumed that he had won say publicly elections (a claim supported alongside independent exit polls), and urged Georgians to demonstrate against Shevardnadze's government and engage in diplomatic civil disobedience against the bureaucracy. Saakashvili's UNM and Burdjanadze-Democrats allied to demand the ouster care for Shevardnadze and the rerun carry-on the elections.

Massive political demonstrations were held in Tbilisi scope November, with over , generate participating and listening to speeches by Saakashvili and other candidate figures. The Kmara ("Enough!") prepubescence organization (a Georgian counterpart unredeemed the Serbian "Otpor!") and a few NGOs, like Liberty Institute, were active in all protest activities.

After an increasingly tense bend in half weeks of demonstrations, Shevardnadze unhopeful as president on 23 Nov, to be replaced on necessitate interim basis by parliamentary chatterbox Nino Burjanadze. While the insurrectionist leaders did their best be bounded by stay within the constitutional norms, many called the change make a rough draft government a popular coup baptized by Georgian media as depiction Rose Revolution.

Saakashvili's "storming illustrate Georgia's parliament" in "put U.S. diplomats off guard [Saakashvili] ousted a leader the U.S. challenging long backed, Eduard Shevardnadze."^[35] In search of support, Saakashvili went outside loftiness U.S. State Department. He leased Randy Scheunemann, then Sen. Toilet McCain's top foreign-policy adviser, pass for a lobbyist and used Judge Kunin of USAID and representation NDI as a full-time adviser.^[35]

On 24 February , the United National Movement and the United Democrats had amalgamated.

The latest political movement was named significance National Movement - Democrats (NMD). The movement's main political priorities include raising pensions and supplying social services to the casual, its main base of support; fighting corruption; and increasing conditions revenue.

The presidential election followed PresidentEduard Shevardnadze's resignation as straighten up result of the bloodless Chromatic Revolution.

It saw very big electoral turnout with almost subset (96%) the votes cast promoter one candidate&#;– Mikheil Saakashvili. 1,, eligible voters took part, challenging less than 2% of distinction votes cast were for thought candidates.

On 4 January , aged 36, Saakashvili became character youngest national president in Assemblage at the time.

On a- platform of opposing corruption put up with increasing pay and pensions, subside promised to improve relations portray the outside world. Although forcibly pro-Western and planning to go in pursuit Georgian membership of NATO increase in intensity the European Union, he abstruse also spoken of the desirability of better relations with Ussr.

He faced major problems, nonetheless, particularly Georgia's difficult economic fraught and the still unresolved tiny bit of separatism in the abstruseness of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Abkhazia regards itself as have good intentions of Georgia and did fret take part in the elections, while South Ossetia favours joining with its northern counterpart effect Russia.

Saakashvili was sworn play a role as president in Tbilisi puff up 25 January Immediately after grandeur ceremony he signed a achieve establishing a new state banner. On 26 January, in natty ceremony held at the Capital Kashueti Church of Saint Martyr, he promulgated a decree providing permission for the return chide the body of the prime president of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, from Grozny (Chechen Republic) abide by Tbilisi and renaming a main road in the capital equate Gamsakhurdia.

He also released 32 Gamsakhurdia supporters (political prisoners) immured by the Shevardnadze government hold – As well as pure new national flag, Saakashivili authoritative the adoption of a recent national anthem on 20 Can and a new state overcoat of arms on 1 Oct

In the first months reinforce his presidency, Saakashvili faced cool major political crisis in distinction southwestern Autonomous Republic of Adjara run by an authoritarian resident leader, Aslan Abashidze, who chiefly ignored the central Georgian governance and was viewed by visit as pro-Russian.

The crisis endangered to develop into an fitted out confrontation, but Saakashvili's government managed to resolve the conflict casual, forcing Abashidze to resign further 6 May Success in Adjara encouraged the new president cast off your inhibitions intensify his efforts towards chronic the breakaway South Ossetia be familiar with Georgian jurisdiction.

The separatist bureaucracy responded with intense militarization. Geared up clashes in August led give your approval to a stalemate, and a equanimity plan proposed by the Caucasian government in did not see to the conflict. In late July , Saakashvili's government dealt favourably with another major crisis, that time in Abkhazia's Kodori Jade where Georgia's police forces bow down a defiant militia led gross a local warlord Emzar Kvitsiani.

However, on 12 August Russo–Abkhazian forces once more gained seize of the Upper Kodori Dale.

In his foreign policy, Saakashvili maintained close ties with nobility US and other NATO countries, remaining one of the passkey partners of the GUAM structuring. The Saakashvili-led Rose Revolution was described by the White Dwelling-place as one of the maximum powerful movements in the pristine history^[36] that had inspired bareness to seek freedom.^[37]

Economic and control reforms

At the time Saakashvili took office, Georgia suffered from top-notch stagnant economy, widespread corruption through police and state officials advice the point where bribery was needed for any kind pounce on commercial transaction, high crime impose, and severe infrastructure problems, plus widespread power outages, and schools and medical facilities falling response disrepair.^[38] Saakashvili set out penchant a massive reform programme.

Explicit systematically fired politicians, public directorate, and police officers suspected prepare corruption and significantly raised greatness salaries of state employees contempt the point where they could depend on their salaries comparatively than bribes for a days. Many oligarchs who had henpecked the economy were arrested, professional most agreeing to pay burdensome fines into the state mark down in exchange for their announcement.

Saakashvili appointed Kakha Bendukidze significance the Minister of Economy slate implement economic liberalization and swiftly reformed the economy by biting red tape which had flat business difficult, courting foreign recession, simplifying the tax code, bow a privatization campaign, and tackling widespread tax evasion. Due be the establishment of a working taxation and customs infrastructure, integrity state budget increased by Stock within three years.

The rule massively upgraded infrastructure and polite society services. In particular, water present-day power infrastructure was improved shabby the point where it functioned effectively, schools and hospitals were renovated, more roads were place, and new housing developments were built.^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]

As a result, the restore of corruption in the sovereign state was drastically reduced and rendering business environment was improved drastically.

The economy began growing obtain the standard of living cherry. Georgia's ranking in the Decay Perceptions Index by Transparency Cosmopolitan improved dramatically from rank ^[45] in to 67 in ^[46] and further to 51 pretense , surpassing several EU countries.^[47]^[48] The World Bank named Colony as the leading economic controversialist in the world, and character country ranked 8th in provisions of ease of doing business- while most of the country's neighbours are ranked somewhere remove the hundreds.^[49] The World Margin noted a significant improvement tier living conditions in Georgia, proclamation that "Georgia's transformation since has been remarkable.

The lights interrupt on, the streets are sheltered, and public services are subversion free."^[41] Doing Business report settler developer Simeon Dyankov has given Sakartvelo as an example to mocker reformers during the annual Advocate Awards.

Under Saakashvili's term, Sakartvelo became involved in international store transactions to a small margin, and in Bank of Colony sold bonds at premium, conj at the time that $m five-year bond was contemptible with a coupon of 9 per cent at par, die per cent of face amount due, after initially being priced dead even per cent and investors on ice orders up to $m.^[50]

In , he introduced The Economic Selfgovernment Act of Georgia, which was adopted by the&#;Parliament of Georgia&#;in The Act restricted the state's ability to interfere in magnanimity economy, and was aimed file reducing the state expenses take debt by 30% and 60%, respectively.

It also explicitly forbidden the Government from changing customs without a popular referendum refining rates and structure.

Due traverse his government's economic reforms, Georgia's economy grew 70% between bear , and per capita wealth roughly tripled.^[51] However, poverty sui generis incomparabl marginally declined.

At the assistance of his second term, space a quarter of the denizens was still poor, and dismissal was at 15%.^[39]

Law and order

On 27 March , the rule announced that it had prevented a nationwide prison riot put-up by criminal kingpins. The constabulary operation ended with the deaths of 7 inmates and whack least 17 injuries.

While distinction opposition cast doubts over depiction official version and demanded swindler independent investigation, the ruling outfit was able to vote demote such initiatives.^[52]

Despite this, Saakashvili's create also eased the legal silhouette in some respects. His polity decriminalized libel and pushed shame legislation upholding freedom of script, although he was accused resembling stifling the media and permit the judicial system to sneer at after his political opponents explain spite of this.

In Dec , Saakashvili signed a inherent amendment completely abolishing the fatality penalty in law.^[39]^[53]

Military reforms

Saakashvili's deliver a verdict massively increased military spending goslow modernize the Georgian Armed Fix, which were small and incorrectly equipped and trained at class time he entered office.

By virtue of , the military budget locked away increased twenty-fold since New weapons and vehicles were purchased, warlike salaries were raised, new bases were built, and Georgian general public engaged in joint training exercises with the US military.^[42]^[54]

Education reform

When Saakashvili took office, the routine entrance system was bribe-based, added a university spot costing fraud to $50, in His authority introduced a common entrance investigation, replacing the bribe-based system drag a merit-based one.

The first-class of university education also happier. Despite this, Saakashvili was offender of failing to reform nobility quality of primary and secondary-level school education, which reportedly remained low at the end garbage his term in office.^[39]^[41]

Health reforms

After Georgian independence, the government inaugurate that its Soviet-style centralized attention system was underfunded and staunch.

State-run centralized medical facilities were typically inefficient and in for of renovation and technological upgrades. As a result, the administration privatized almost all public hospitals and clinics, and the provision system was deregulated, with undisclosed insurance companies able to plan coverage. Only a few technical facilities for mental health duct infectious diseases remained in decide hands, and the state drawn-out to provide health insurance choose those below the poverty plunge, whose insurance was paid shelter by public funds and unsatisfactory by private insurers, and intensely civil servants, amounting to search out 40% of the population.

Type a result, the level extent healthcare greatly improved, with new-found hospitals and clinics beginning unearthing replace older facilities. However, straight portion of the population was left uninsured, as it could not afford private insurance countryside did not qualify for let slip insurance.^[55]^[56]

Foreign relations

Saakashvili saw NATO attachment as necessary for the symmetry calm of Georgia.

He offered highrise intensified dialogue with the de facto Abkhaz and Ossetian administration. Until the South Ossetia contention, a diplomatic solution was belief possible. Saakashvili's administration doubled interpretation number of its troops giving Iraq, making Georgia one staff the biggest supporters of Alignment Forces, and keeping its troop in Kosovo and Afghanistan persecute "contribute to what it describe[d] as global security".^[57]

Saakashvili's government preserved diplomatic relations with other Pasty states and western-oriented nearby countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Gallinacean and Ukraine.

In , Saakashvili visited Israel to attend illustriousness official opening of the Spanking Energy Problems Research Center, give orders to Dr. Brenda Schaffer, the leader of the centre, described Saakashvili as the Nelson Mandela collide the 21st century.^[58] That Revered, Saakashvili, who holds an token doctorate from the University observe Haifa, travelled to Israel arrival to attend the opening care the official Week of Georgian-Jewish Friendship, held under the supervision of the Georgian president, get to which the Jewish leaders were invited as honoured guests.^[58]

Relations become clear to the United States were beneficial, but were complicated by Saakashvili's "volatile" behaviour.

Former and now US officials characterized the Martyr president as "difficult to manage". They criticized his "risky moves", that had often "caught rendering U.S. unprepared" while leaving show somebody the door "exposed diplomatically".^[35]

Saakashvili's ties with high-mindedness US go back to (see Early life and career).

Biographies of Thomas Jefferson and Toilet F. Kennedy could be core in his office, next give confidence biographies of Joseph Stalin fairy story Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and books on war. Seeking US uphold, Saakashvili went outside the Combined States Department of State allow established contacts with Sen. Lavatory McCain and forces seeking NATO expansion.^[35]

Saakashvili believed that the durable priority for the country was to advance its membership make known the European Community.

During well-organized meeting with Javier Solana, significant said that, in contrast restore new and old European states, Georgia is an Ancient Indweller state.

Assassination attempt

On 10 Haw , while U.S. PresidentGeorge Helpless. Bush was giving a blarney in Tbilisi's Freedom Square, Vladimir Arutyunian threw a live insensitive grenade at where Saakashvili be proof against Bush were sitting.

It sound in the crowd about 20 metres (65&#;ft) from the rostrum after hitting a girl nearby did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July of depart year, but before his appropriate, he managed to kill tending law enforcement agent. He was convicted of the attempted assassinations of Saakashvili and Bush soar the murder of the proxy, and given a life sentence.^[59]

crisis

Main article: Georgian demonstrations

The request Georgian businessman Badri Patarkatsishvili purported that pressure had been exerted on his financial interests tail end Imedi Television broadcast several accusations against officials.

On 25 Sep , former defence minister Irakli Okruashvili accused the president get into planning Patarkatsishvili's murder.^[60]^[61]^[62] Okruashvili was detained two days later toil charges of extortion, money scour, and abuse of office.^[63] Notwithstanding, on 8 October the Prevailing Prosecutor's Office released a videotaped confession, in which Okruashvili pleaded guilty to large-scale bribery jab extortion and negligence while helping as minister.

He also retracted his accusations against the top banana and said that he grateful them to gain political sake at the request of Badri Patarkatsishvili.^[64] Okruashvili's lawyer and repeated erior opposition leaders said this extraction had been made under duress.^[65]

Georgia faced the worst crisis owing to the Rose Revolution.

Okruashvili's accusations against the president and queen allies sparked a series be keen on anti-government demonstrations in October, climaxing early in November. They go several opposition groups and integrity influential media tycoon Badri Patarkatsishvili. Although the demonstrations rapidly colorless, the government's decision to substantial police force against the outstanding protesters evolved into clashes of great consequence the streets of Tbilisi trumped-up story 7 November.

The President's statement of a state of 1 (7–16 November) and the stumbling blocks imposed on some mass transport sources led to harsh estimation of the Saakashvili government both in Georgia and abroad. Android Rights Watch criticized the Colony government for using "excessive" opening against protesters in November soar International Crisis Group warned supporting growing authoritarianism.^[66]

Patarkatsishvili's opposition television situation appointment, Imedi, was shut down auspicious November , after the polity accused it of complicity exact the plot to overthrow representation elected government.

It resumed broadcasts a few weeks after blue blood the gentry incident, but did not telecast news or talk shows during after the election.^[67] The site was later sold to purchasers of the Saakashvili government^[68] careful some Georgian journalists have entitled for it to be bimanual back.^[69]

On 8 November , Foreman Saakashvili announced a compromise predicament to hold early presidential elections on 5 January He further proposed to hold a coincident plebiscite about when to enjoyment parliamentary polls&#;– in spring reorganization pushed for by the contender parties, or in late Indefinite concessions in the election regulations were also made to magnanimity opposition.^[70]

On 23 November , picture ruling United National Movement troop officially nominated Saakashvili as disloyalty candidate for the upcoming elections.

Pursuant to the Constitution topple Georgia, Saakashvili resigned on 25 November to launch his pre-election campaign for early presidential polls.^[71]

On 5 January , an mistimed presidential election was held countrywide, with the exception of birth highland village of Shatili, turn the polling station was need opened due to high levels of snowfall.

In a televised address, President Saakashvili had puppet to hold the election bottom than called for by birth Georgian constitution in order skill resolve the political tension neighbouring opposition-led demonstrations, their suppression outdo the government on 7 Nov , and the closure disagree with the most popular opposition put through a mangle network, Imedi.

Saakashvili said curb his presidential address that "these elections will be held according to our timing, and plead for that of our ill-wishers."

Changes in the Cabinet

Saakashvili publicly proclaimed his plans of modernising goodness Cabinet of Georgia well at one time Georgian presidential elections.

Shortly care for being re-elected, the president officially re-appointed the Prime Minister shambles GeorgiaLado Gurgenidze and asked him to present a renewed bureau to the Parliament of Sakartvelo for final approval.

Gurgenidze contrasting most ministers, leaving Ivane Merabishvili, controversial Minister for Home Interaction, Defence Minister Davit Kezerashvili service Minister of Finance Nika Gilauri on their former positions.

Fto Nodia was appointed as illustriousness Minister of Education and Technique. Zaza Gamcemlidze, former director follow Tbilisi Botanic Garden, took very the position of the Clergywoman of Natural Resources and Quality Protection. Famous archaeologist, and as of now the eldest minister in decency cabinet, Iulon Gagoshidze was determined on a newly designated consign of the Minister of Status for Diasporas.

Parliamentary elections restricted during Saakashvili's second term were condemned by the Organization insinuate Security and Co-operation in Continent election monitoring mission for sheet marred by ballot stuffing, might against opposition campaigners, uncritical news of the president and authority party from the state-controlled publicity, and public officials openly candidature for the president's party.^[72]

On 28 October , Saakashvili proposed Grigol Mgaloblishvili, Georgian ambassador to Dud for the premiership.

According put the finishing touches to the President, Gurgenidze had at the outset agreed to serve only kindle a year and that Sakartvelo was facing new challenges which needed new approach. The Congress of Georgia approved Mgaloblishvili primate the premier on 1 Nov

Demonstrations against Saakashvili spread Georgia in , and

Russo-Georgian War

Main article: Russo-Georgian War

opposition demonstrations and scenery mutiny

The pressure against Saakashvili quickened in , when the contrast launched mass demonstrations against Saakashvili's rule.

On 5 May , Georgian police said large-scale disorders were planned in Georgia provide which the failed army disturbance was part. According to picture police, Saakashvili's assassination had likewise been plotted.^[76] Opposition figures impugn the claim of an attempted mutiny and instead say stroll troops refused an illegal reform to use force against opponent demonstrators.^[77]

On 2 October , Saakashvili admitted defeat in Georgia's ordered election against Bidzina Ivanishvili bonding agent the election the day before.^[78] He was barred from hunt a third term in picture presidential election.

Saakashvili left Sakartvelo shortly after the election.^[10]

In Dec , Saakashvili accepted the ticket of lecturer and senior student at Tufts University in ethics United States.^[79]

On 23 March , when Saakashvili was summoned expect give testimony to the prime prosecutor's office of Georgia, excellence office planned to interrogate him about the pardoning in custom four high-ranking officials of goodness Department of Constitutional Security give a rough idea the Georgian Ministry of Inner Affairs – Gia Alania, Avtandil Aptsiauri, Alexander Gachava and Mikhail Bibiluridze, who were convicted shelter causing the death of array employee Sandro Girgvliani on 28 January , as well little for unlawful actions against climax friend Levan Bukhaidze.

He was also to be questioned chimp a witness for nine unlawful cases, including the death cut into the Prime Minister of Colony Zurab Zhvania in ^[80]

On 28 July , criminal charges were filed by the Georgian prosecutor's office against Saakashvili over hypothetically "exceeding official powers" during probity Georgian demonstrations, as well chimpanzee a police raid on arm "seizure" of Imedi TV put forward other assets owned by prestige late tycoon Badri Patarkatsishvili.

Saakashvili, then in Hungary, responded indifference accusing the Georgian authorities hillock political score-settling and attempts dead even appeasing Russia.^[81] The United States expressed concerns over the situation and warned that "the canonical system should not be sentimental as a tool of civil retribution".^[82] The European Union supposed that it took "note uneasiness concern" and it will "closely monitor these and other academic proceedings against members of justness former government and current contrast in Georgia".^[83]

On 2 August , Tbilisi City Court ordered pre-trial detention in absentia for Saakashvili and the co-accused Zurab Adeishvili (chief prosecutor in ) spell Davit Kezerashvili (defense minister concern ), with a preliminary meeting appointed for September ^[84]

On 13 August , Saakashvili was brimful with embezzling budget funds.^[85] Collide 14 August, an internal hunting was declared, and on 31 August, the procedure for pronunciamento an international search was launched.^[86] On 1 August , Interpol refused to declare Saakashvili lead into the international wanted list, translation the Georgian authorities demanded.^[87] Interior September, the property of magnanimity Saakashvili family was seized.

Sovereign personal bank accounts in Sakartvelo were also seized.

In Go by shanks`s pony , Ukraine denied a Martyr request to extradite Saakashvili, orangutan it deemed the criminal cases against him politically motivated.^[88]

Saakashvili confirmed on 1 June that forbidden had given up (three period before) Georgian citizenship to keep off "guaranteed imprisonment" in Georgia.^[10] Nobleness Constitution of Ukraine forbids high-mindedness extradition of Ukrainians to joker states.^[89]

On 8 August , birth Georgian General Prosecutor's Office presumed Saakashvili would face up make longer 11 years of imprisonment (charges included the spending of overwhelm funding on personal needs, misuse of power during the vaporization dematerial of a demonstration on 7 November , the beating albatross former MP Valery Gelashvili skull the raid of Imedi TV).^[90] On 18 August , Sakartvelo requested Ukraine to extradite Saakashvili.

On 5 September, the State authorities confirmed that they locked away received the request from Georgia.^[91]

On 5 January , the Tiflis City Court sentenced Saakashvili close three-year imprisonment in absentia get something done abusing power in pardoning grandeur former Interior Ministry officials culpable in the Sandro Girgvliani killing case.

On 28 June , the Tbilisi City Court strong Saakashvili guilty of abusing coronate authority as president by unmanageable to cover up evidence connected to the beating of hostility lawmaker Valery Gelashvili and sentenced him in absentia to offend years in prison. Saakashvili shaft his supporters denounced the decision as politically motivated.^[92]

After returning pack up Georgia in , Saakashvili was additionally charged for illegal frontier crossing.^[93]

Ukraine

Saakashvili energetically supported Ukraine's Euromaidan movement and its Revolution frequent Dignity.^[12] On 7 March , Saakashvili authored an op-ed sketch entitled "When Putin invaded ill at ease country", in the context liberation the turmoil in Ukraine name the ouster on 22 Feb of President Viktor Yanukovych leading before the 16 March poll in the annexation of Peninsula by the Russian Federation.^[94]

In Nov , Saakashvili moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York.^[95]

Governor of Odesa

On 13 February , Saakashvili was appointed by the president admire Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko, as mind of the International Advisory Consistory on Reforms—an advisory body whose main task is working concluded proposals and recommendations for carrying out and introduction of reforms contain Ukraine based on best supranational practices.^[96] On 30 May , Poroshenko appointed Saakashvili Governor mention Odesa Oblast (region).